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2025 Hong Kong legislative election

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2025 Hong Kong legislative election
← 2021
7 December 2025 (2025-12-07)
2029 →
All 90 seats to the Legislative Council
46 seats needed for a majority
Registered4,131,298 (GC) (Decrease 7.64 pp)[1]
Turnout31.9% (Increase 1.7 pp)[2]
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Gary Chan Lo Wai-kwok Ng Chau-pei
Party DAB BPA FTU
Alliance Pro-Beijing Pro-Beijing Pro-Beijing
Leader's seat New Territories North East Retiring from Engineering Hong Kong Island East
Last election 19 seats, 51.43% 7 seats, N/A[a] 8 seats, 14.53%
Seats won 20 8 7
Seat change Increase1 Decrease1 Steady
Popular vote 432,473 38,602 260,303
Percentage 33.88% 3.02% 20.39%
Swing Decrease17.55pp N/A Increase5.86pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Tommy Cheung Regina Ip Lam Chun-sing
Party Liberal NPP FLU
Alliance Pro-Beijing Pro-Beijing Pro-Beijing
Leader's seat Retiring from Catering Retiring from Hong Kong Island West Election Committee
Last election 4 seats, N/A[a] 5 seats, 11.35% 2 seat, N/A[a]
Seats won 4 3 2
Seat change Steady Decrease3 Steady
Popular vote 32,371 147,113 N/A[a]
Percentage 2.54% 11.52% N/A
Swing N/A Increase0.17pp N/A
  Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party
 
Leader Lau Chi-pang Christine Fong Michael Tien
Party FEW PP Roundtable
Alliance Pro-Beijing Pro-Beijing Pro-Beijing
Leader's seat Election Committee Running for New Territories South East Retiring from New Territories North West
Last election 2 seats, N/A[a] 1 seat, 2.89% 1 seat, 3.02%
Seats won 2 1 1
Seat change Decrease1 Steady Steady
Popular vote N/A[a] 58,828 34,756
Percentage N/A 4.61% 2.72%
Swing N/A Increase1.72pp Decrease0.30pp
Party control before election

Pro-Beijing camp

 Party control after election

Pro-Beijing camp

The 2025 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was a general election held on 7 December 2025 to elect all 90 members of the 8th Legislative Council of Hong Kong.[3] Following the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes, 90 seats were up for election, including 40 seats elected by the 1,500-member Election Committee, 30 trade-based indirectly elected functional constituency seats, and 20 seats directly elected through geographical constituencies. The election, in which only pro-government "patriots" may run and only 20 seats are popularly elected, is considered by various countries and groups to be neither free nor fair.

The past legislative session, the 7th Legislative Council, was criticised for its lack of meaningful discourse, with many bills being approved without a quorum. The introduction of smart ballot boxes also prompted controversy, while the future of democrats and moderates was called into question due to the effective dissolution of the pro-democracy camp. Ultimately, there were only two "non-core pro-establishment candidates" from the PoD Research Institute, both of whom did not declare their affiliation and came last.

Following multiple reports that indicated the central Chinese government established an age limit on lawmakers, all 12 of them aged over 70,[4] including council president Andrew Leung and the leaders of five parties – Lo Wai-kwok of the Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA), Regina Ip of the New People's Party (NPP), Tommy Cheung of the Liberal Party, Michael Tien of Roundtable, and Tik Chi-yuen of Third Side – chose not to seek another term for various reasons, contributing to a retirement wave and an abundance of newcomer candidates. Third Side and New Prospect for Hong Kong did not field any candidates after their incumbents retired.

Election-related activities were suspended due to the Wang Fuk Court fire, but the election went ahead as scheduled despite calls for postponement. Only government-organised election forums were held, which were criticised for lacking debate. The government ran a massive turnout campaign, set up dedicated polling stations, and extended voting hours to raise the historically low turnout from the last election. Many people were arrested for damaging election posters and inciting others not to vote or cast invalid votes. The election resulted in a 31.9% voter turnout—a slight increase from the 2021 election but still lower than the 52.3% turnout in 2016.[2] The total votes cast in the geographical constituencies also decreased from 2021 by 33,000, and registration decreased by 7.64%.[5]

Background

[edit]

This is the second "patriots governing Hong Kong" election under the new electoral system introduced in 2021, after which the Legislative Council was expanded from 70 to 90 seats, but with only 20 seats allocated for geographical constituencies (GCs) which are directly elected by constituents. The remaining seventy seats include 40 Election Committee Constituency (ECC) seats selected by the 1,500-member body, and 30 seats of trade-based indirectly elected functional constituencies (FCs) voted by selected groups of professionals and corporate representatives.

Only pro-Beijing "patriots" are allowed to run; the majority of opposition pro-democracy members were banned, jailed, or forced into exile.[6] In addition, the election is considered a disproportionate two-tier democracy[by whom?][clarification needed] and very limited popular representation, as only 20 of the Council's 90 seats are directly elected.[6] The current election laws are considered by the foreign ministries of various countries,[b] Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China, an inter-parliamentary group of lawmakers in several countries, and some NGOs to be neither free nor fair.[7][8][9]

Past legislative session

[edit]

The 7th Legislative Council elected in 2021 was the first after the national security law and electoral changes were imposed by the government of China. Without any legislator explicitly from the pro-democracy camp, the legislature packed with pro-Beijing members was criticised to lack meaningful discussions and debates, while newcomers of the Legislative Council resorted to politically correct measures only, such as repeating speeches by Chinese officials.[10] Ming Pao reported in August 2023 that amongst the 24 government bills passed since the beginning of the legislative term, including the domestic security law which was fast-tracked,[11] 16 of those were approved without a quorum,[12] prompting concerns of LegCo members' performance.[13] Andrew Leung, President of the Legislative Council, denied claims that the chamber rubber-stamped bills and defended it as highly efficient.[14] However, an opinion poll by pro-government party and think tank Path of Democracy said 48.1% of the interviewed expressed dissatisfaction with legislators' performance and only 29.4% were content.[15]

Apart from evaluation from the own party, it was also reported that government officials were involved in assessing the performance of the legislators in the run-up to the election, an act seen as unprecedented before the "patriot-only" principle was implemented.[16]

Smart ballot box

[edit]

In December 2024, the government of Hong Kong announced a series of new measures to be implemented in this election. The Improving Electoral Arrangements (Consolidated Amendments) Bill contained a plan to introduce "smart ballot boxes" to ensure ballots were validly marked.[17] While the Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau said the scanners would "streamline and enhance" procedures while ensuring that "cardinal election principles" such as voting confidentiality would be upheld, some lawmakers expressed concerns over the implications of compromising vote secrecy.[18] Although insisting the voter rights would be protected as voters would not be identified, the government withdrew the proposal less than a week later after "considering the views of legislators".[19] The bureau said it attaches great importance to the views and is willing to "accept well-intentioned advice", while the smart ballot boxes will still be made available for voters who choose to use them.[20]

Future of democrats and moderates

[edit]

The implementation of the "Patriots administering Hong Kong" principle barred "unpatriotic" opposition from being elected to public offices.[clarification needed][citation needed] The flagship pro-democracy group, the Democratic Party, once the largest party in the Legislative Council, is planning to dissolve in 2025.[21] Media sources indicated Chinese government has pressed for the closure of the "worthless" party, which was unable to run in the 2021 and 2023 "patriot-only" elections.[22] Reportedly also under pressure, the League of Social Democrats disbanded in late June. The pro-democracy camp is considered to have come to an end without any active political groups.

The new rules also reduced the portion of directly elected seats to around 22%, which was considered by democratic watchdogs as a decrease in democratic values.[8][9] Hong Kong Economic Journal said some members from the business sector recommended Beijing authorities to draw up a timeline to gradually reintroduce more elected seats in order to improve Hong Kong's international image and align with the Basic Law article. Third Side, the only self-claimed moderate group in the Legislative Council, and Path of Democracy, an extra-parliamentary moderate group, expressed the hope that an electoral reform would be initiated by the government in due course.[23] However, it was speculated by media that the moderates would also be barred from legislative races as they are "no longer needed in a patriotic administration".[24]

Retirement wave

[edit]

Announcements

[edit]

On 29 September, Andrew Leung, who served as president of the legislature for nine years, made a surprise announcement that he would stand down from the legislature, citing his age and his family.[25] He said he hoped this would give capable candidates time to prepare sufficiently for the election. His decision further raised speculation about an age limit of 70 for lawmakers, although Leung said it was solely his personal decision. While recalling his nine-year leadership, Leung said the Legislative Council successfully ended the opposition's disruption.[26] Possible successors for the presidency include Starry Lee and Chan Chun-ying.[27] Ma Fung-kwok, 70, announced his retirement on the same day as Leung, also citing his age.[27]

Two veteran legislators, 76-year-old Liberal Party leader Tommy Cheung and Chan Kin-por, 71, confirmed their intention not to seek another term on 11 October. Cheung said he had carefully considered his decision with the development of the One Country, Two Systems, while Chan said he would be passing the baton to younger rank to run for the election.[28] The sole self-branded "non-establishment" moderate member Tik Chi-yuen was also stepping down, saying a younger colleague from his party Third Side will run only as the party did not gather enough funding to support his re-election.[29] More lawmakers dropped out in the next few days, including 72-year-old Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong chairman Lo Wai-kwok,[30] pro-Beijing camp's unofficial convenor Martin Liao, aged 68,[31] and Roundtable convener Michael Tien.[32] Outspoken lawmakers such as Doreen Kong opted to stand down as well, and dismissed claims that she was forced to do so.[33] The two remaining legislators over 70, Regina Ip and Lai Tung-kwok of the New People's Party (NPP), confirmed their retirement on 25 October.[34] Another outspoken member Paul Tse did not submit nomination for the election and thereby ending his 17-year career in the assembly.[35]

As a result, 35 incumbent legislators did not seek re-election, more than half having served only one term.[36] All 12 incumbents who were over 70 chose not to seek re-election, while the other 23 decided against staying in the legislature likely because of their unsatisfactory performance, or vocal criticisms on some government policies, or to pave way for succession within the party.[4]

Reactions

[edit]

The unprecedentedly large[37] wave of retirements sparked claims that Beijing imposed an age limit for lawmakers and demanded a major upheaval of the composition, although the officials denied "blessing" or giving "special treatment" for candidates.[38] John Lee, the Chief Executive, said the departures are normal and personal decisions by the lawmakers and the Executive Council will not be reshuffled after ExCo members left the LegCo.[31] Lee added the generational succession is a positive sign for the Legislative Council.[39] However, the farewell motion, which is tabled by convention at the last meeting to mark the end of the term, was withdrawn in light of possible "sensitive remarks" and giving undue advantages to legislators before the election.[40] A farewell banquet for LegCo members and John Lee was also cancelled.[41]

Both Chinese government and John Lee strongly rebutted claims that Beijing has "blessed" any hopefuls in the election and condemned "anti-China" forces for ongoing attempts to sabotage, disrupt, and discredit the patriots-only election through spreading rumours of Chinese interference. They also praised the retiring incumbents for their nobility and upright characters.[42][43][44]

According to John Burns, emeritus professor of politics at the University of Hong Kong, China has sought to strengthen its influence in the legislature after this retirement wave, with younger candidates linked to the mainland emerging in their place. He claimed that China’s representative office "carefully curates" electoral contests to ensure preferred candidates win.[45]

List of departing incumbents

[edit]
Departing incumbents Constituency * Entered LegCo in Party Age Notes
Andrew Leung Industrial (First) FC 2004 BPA 74 Announced on 29 September 2025, citing age[26]
Ma Fung-kwok Election Committee 1996 (PLC)
Continuously since 2012 		New Forum 70 Announced on 29 September 2025, citing age[27]
Tik Chi-yuen Social Welfare FC 1991
Continuously since 2021 		Third Side 68 Announced on 10 October 2025[29]
Chan Kin-por Insurance FC 2008 Independent 71 Announced on 11 October 2025[28]
Tommy Cheung Catering FC 2000 Liberal 76 Announced on 11 October 2025[28]
Kennedy Wong Import and Export FC 1996 (PLC)
Continuously since 2021 		DAB 62 Announced on 11 October 2025, to devote more time to NPC[46]
Gary Zhang New Territories North GC 2021 New Prospect 36 Announced on 12 October 2025, due to family reasons[47]
Jeffrey Lam Commercial (First) FC 2004 BPA 74 Announced on 12 October 2025, to focus on businesses[47]
Connie Lam New Territories South East GC 2021 PP 38 Announced on 12 October 2025, to pursue doctoral studies and career[47]
Frankie Yick Transport FC 2012 Liberal 72 Announced on 13 October 2025
Lo Wai-kwok Engineering FC 2012 BPA 72 Announced on 13 October 2025[30]
Chow Man-kong Election Committee 2021 Independent 44 Announced on 13 October 2025
Martin Liao Commercial (Second) FC 2012 Independent 68 Announced on 14 October 2025[31]
Dennis Lam Election Committee 2021 Independent 66 Announced on 15 October 2025, to focus on own career
Louis Loong Real Estate and Construction FC 2021 BPA 74 Announced on 15 October 2025, to focus on business association's affairs
Michael Tien New Territories North West GC 2012 Roundtable 75 Announced on 20 October 2025[32]
Tony Tse Architectural, Surveying,
Planning and Landscape 		FC 2012
Continuously since 2018 		Independent 71 Announced on 20 October 2025
Lau Kwok-fan New Territories North GC 2016 DAB 44 Not included in DAB's line-up announced on 21 October 2025
Leung Hei Hong Kong Island East GC 2021 DAB 40
Stanley Li New Territories South East GC 2021 DAB 42
Lillian Kwok Election Committee 2021 DAB 46
Doreen Kong Election Committee 2021 Independent 55 Announced on 22 October 2025
So Cheung-wing Election Committee 2021 Independent 65 Announced on 23 October 2025
Regina Ip Hong Kong Island West GC 2008 NPP 75 Not included in NPP's line-up announced on 25 October 2025
Lai Tung-kwok Election Committee 2021 NPP 74
Eunice Yung Election Committee 2016 NPP 48
Chu Kwok-keung Education FC 2021 FEW 51 Announced on 25 October 2025, to focus on education affairs[48]
Benson Luk Election Committee 2021 BPA 42 Announced on 27 October 2025[49]
Ambrose Lam Legal FC 2021 Independent 64 Announced on 5 November 2025, to devote more time to law firm[50]
Shang Hailong Election Committee 2022 Independent 43 Announced on 6 November 2025[35]
Chan Yuet-ming Election Committee 2021 Independent 53
Tan Yueheng Election Committee 2021 Independent 63
Kenneth Leung Election Committee 2021 Independent 41
Wendy Hong Election Committee 2021 Independent 50
Paul Tse Election Committee 2008 Independent 66 Did not submit nomination[35]

Contesting parties and candidates

[edit]
161 nominations were received after the massive wave of retirement

A total of 161 nominations were received to run, seven more than the previous election, with 107 of them being newcomers. Nearly half, 13 of the 28 functional constituencies, were contested by new faces.[51] South China Morning Post noted that 30% of the 161 candidates had links to mainland Chinese firms, a 50% increase from 2021, which indicated the prominence of mainland capital in Hong Kong's economy. Up to 16 of the Hong Kong's 36 National People's Congress (NPC) deputies also registered to run in the election, more than double the seven in the 2021 election, alongside at least 12 members of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).[52] All 161 competitors were cleared to contest by the vetting panel Candidate Eligibility Review Committee, as announced on 10 November.[53]

Mark Chong canvassing with Michael Tien

Several district councillors joined the direct election as independents, including Kowloon City's Kitson Yang, who is seeking re-election as representative of Kowloon Central. Vivian Kong, Olympic gold medalist in fencing, stood in the Tourism constituency after her foreign residency barred her to run in direct elections.[66] Kong denied reports that she had considered making a bid in direct elections,[67] and confirmed that she had applied to give up her Canadian passport.[68]

The only moderate political party with a pro-democracy background, Third Side, which held one seat in the legislature, originally aimed at winning two geographical constituencies as a breakthrough and keeping one functional constituency.[69] Its single candidate failed to get enough nominations from each sector of the Election Committee, meaning that the party would lose all its representation in the upcoming LegCo.[70] The New Prospect for Hong Kong, a political party catering to mainland drifters in Hong Kong, did not put forward any candidate, after its sole incumbent Gary Zhang did not seek for re-election.[71]

List of incumbents switching constituencies

[edit]
Party Incumbent Elected constituency Standing constituency
DAB (2) Chan Han-pan New Territories South West Election Committee
Steven Ho Agriculture and Fisheries Election Committee
FTU (3) Dennis Leung Labour Election Committee
Kwok Wai-keung Labour Hong Kong Island West
Luk Chung-hung Election Committee New Territories North West
NPP (1) Judy Chan Election Committee Hong Kong Island West
FEW (1) Tang Fei Election Committee Education
Independent (2) Yiu Pak-leung Tourism Election Committee
Chan Pui-leung Election Committee Insurance

Campaign

[edit]

All election-related activities were suspended following the Wang Fuk Court fire on 26 November for the government to be fully engaged in handling the disaster. Election forums and electioneering by all major parties were cancelled.[72] Despite calls to postpone the election, John Lee confirmed on 2 December, after the end of the three-day mourning period, that the election would go ahead as planned.[73]

Election forums

[edit]
Election forum at Hong Kong Park under preparation

The Hong Kong government announced that it would hold 39 election forums starting from 11 November.[53] Local media reported that several media organisations, including three television stations, had planned to hold "around eight to nine" election forums, but were called off suddenly, as candidates decided to only attend government forums due to time and stress. Government officials declined to comment whether the candidates were required to attend only government-organised forums.[74][75][76] However, the forums were criticised for lacking debate between the candidates, and the authorities reportedly encouraged more interaction in the following forums. Chief Secretary for Administration Eric Chan said the government is hoping for a "higher-level" debate without insults, foul language, or other tactics seen in past debates.[77]

The content of an i-CABLE News interview which showed campaign workers who attended the forum unable to recall the candidates' names and admitting that the were arranged to participate without knowing its details was taken down a few hours after airing, but was not reported by mainstream Hong Kong media.[78]

Turnout campaign

[edit]
Election publicity outside the government complex

The previous Legislative Council election recorded a historic low turnout of 30.2% despite widespread campaigning. In this election, the government allocated 1.28 billion dollars for advertising, marking an increase of over 50%. However, the pro-Beijing side expected another election with limited participation due to the 2025 National Games of China, taking place in November and December and to be held in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau for the first time, shifting the public's attention. Aiming for at least a turnout of 30%, they believed a costly advertising campaign, similar to the 2023 local elections, could be criticized as a waste of public money when the government's deficit remains troublesome.[79][80][81] Erick Tsang, Secretary for Constitutional and Mainland Affairs, said the government does not have a benchmark for the turnout.[82]

Four major business chambers – the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (CGCC), the Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong (CMA), the Federation of Hong Kong Industries (FHKI) and the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce (HKGCC) – issued a joint statement in early November to incentivise their staff to vote, by pledging to give their workers half-day paid leave.[83] The Travel Industry Council called upon local travel agencies to delay the departure time of their group tours to give travellers enough time to cast their votes.[84]

On 11 November, the Labour and Welfare Bureau announced that it would provide a one-off subsidy of HK$20,000 to elderly centres and district support centres for persons with disabilities for arranging transportation and staff to take elderly people with disabilities and their caregivers to polling stations to vote, and to provide care services to the elderly and persons with disabilities while the caregivers were at polling station.[85]

The Electoral Affairs Commission announced on 14 November that it would, for the first time, set up dedicated polling stations for elderly, disabled, medical staff, ethnic minorities and civil servants and disciplined services personnel on duty on polling day. Three polling stations would also be set up near the boundary at Sheung Shui, the Hong Kong Port of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge and the Hong Kong International Airport. The voting hours would last 16 hours, extending two more hours from the 2021 election. Secretary for the Civil Service Ingrid Yeung said the bureau had sent instructions to all bureau and department heads to establish a support centre at their respective departments on polling day in order to mobilise over 50,000 civil servants to help out and take all necessary measures to facilitate their voting, with compensation leave or overtime allowance granted for those who were on duty.[86]

Arrests

[edit]

Hong Kong police arrested over 29 people for alleged criminal damage to posters, in what he said were believed to be separate cases.[87] The National Security Department also arrested a 68-year-old local man for allegedly posting comments on social media encouraging people not to vote or cast invalid ballots in the election.[88] The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) arrested 11 on suspicion of inciting others not to vote or to cast invalid votes by reposting online posts,[89] and issued arrest warrants for exiled activists Alan Keung Ka-wai, who participated in the exiled pro-independence group Hong Kong Parliament, and Tong Wai-hung, protester who was acquitted of rioting charges in the 2019 Sheung Wan clashes, for allegedly inciting others not to vote in the election.[90] Another was placed on the wanted list on the day of election.[89]

Chief Executive John Lee vowed to take a hard line against any disruptions to the election. Beijing's Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office also shared a strongly worded commentary urging vigilance against attempts to jeopardise the election, saying that local law enforcement would not "sit back and do nothing".[91] The Office for Safeguarding National Security stated some individuals both inside and outside had launched "various attacks, smears and slanders" against the election, "inciting people not to vote or to cast blank votes" and "deliberately damaging election campaign materials". It criticised "some anti-China and pro-chaos forces" with "evil nature" for attempting to weaken the legitimacy of the new electoral system and democratic development process, endanger Hong Kong's good governance and national security, adding that it firmly supported the Hong Kong government in cracking down on any interference and disruption.[92] It published another statement later accusing the "anti-China and pro-chaos" elements and external forces for their "unrepentant evil intentions" and "unyielding malice", vowing to defend election security and order with a "zero-tolerance" attitude.[93]

Results

[edit]
Christine Fong, with her strong foothold in Tseung Kwan O, was elected with over 50,000 votes

Despite massive publicity across the city,[94] The election resulted only in a 31.9% voter turnout—a slight increase from the 2021 election but still lower than the 52.3% turnout in 2016.[2] The total votes cast in the geographical constituencies also decreased from 2021 by 33,000, and registration decreased by 7.64%.[5] The Chinese authorities nonetheless claimed the voter participation "all far surpassed the previous term", adding that the election successfully demonstrated "high-quality democracy" and the results "fully represent the will of Hong Kong people".[95]

DAB emerged as the largest party again, holding 20 seats in the Legislative Council, one more than the last term.[96] The party faced criticism after one of their members was involved in the renovation works at Wang Fuk Court, forcing the party chair to rebut "slander and false accusations".[94] FTU retained their seven seats after their defeat in Election Committee constituency and in direct elections, while BPA continued to rank second with eight seats, one less than last session. NPP's seats halved from 6 to 3, making them the fourth largest and the Liberal Party the third with their four legislators. Professional Power's Christine Fong finally entered Legislative Council on her sixth attempt and topped the geographical constituencies with 58,828 votes.[96]

Summary of the 7 December Legislative Council of Hong Kong election results
Political affiliation Geographical Constituencies Functional Constituencies[c] ECC
seats 		Total
seats 		±
Votes % ±pp Seats Votes % ±pp Seats
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong 432,473 33.88 Decrease17.55 10 4,943 6.86 Decrease5.41 2 8 20 Increase1
Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong 38,602 3.02 N/A 0 4,418 6.13 Decrease1.91 6 2 8 Increase1
Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions 260,303 20.39 Increase5.86 3 N/A N/A N/A 2 2 7 Decrease1
Liberal Party 32,371 2.54 N/A 0 2,471 3.43 Increase1.15 3 1 4 Steady
New People's Party 147,113 11.52 Increase0.17 2 – – – – 1 3 Decrease2
Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions – – – – N/A N/A N/A 1 1 2 Steady
Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers – – – – – – – – 2 2 Steady
Professional Power 58,828 4.61 Increase1.72 1 – – – – – 1 Steady
New Territories Association of Societies 41,657 3.26 N/A 1 – – – – – 1 N/A
Roundtable 34,756 2.72 Decrease0.30 1 – – – – – 1 Steady
Kowloon West New Dynamic 25,692 2.01 Decrease0.77 1 – – – – – 1 Steady
Hong Kong Safety Supervisors Association – – – – N/A N/A N/A 0 – 0 New
Federation of Public Housing Estates – – – – – – – – 0 0 N/A
Independents 204,738 16.04 N/A 1 60,191 83.57 N/A 16 23 40 Increase3
Total for pro-Beijing camp 1,276,533 100.00 Increase6.23 20 72,023 100.00 Increase16.14 30 40 90 Increase1
Total 1,276,533 100.00 20 72,023 100.00 30 40 90 Steady
Valid votes 1,276,533 96.88 72,023 94.57
Invalid votes 41,449 3.12 Increase1.08 4,136 5.43 Increase0.32
Votes cast / turnout 1,317,682 31.90 Increase1.70 76,942[d] 40.09 Increase7.87
Registered voters 4,131,298 100.00 Decrease7.64 191,916[d] 100.00 Decrease12.29

Source: [citation needed]

Defeated incumbents

[edit]

Four incumbents were defeated in this election. Kwok Wai-keung and Luk Chung-hung, who have been lawmakers since 2012 and 2016, failed to secure their foothold in the parliament after defeats in direct elections.[97] Ngan Man-yu lost to another DAB candidate Cheung Pui-kong, and Edmund Wong to an independent.

Party Candidate Constituency
FTU (2) Kwok Wai-keung Hong Kong Island West
Luk Chung-hung New Territories North West
DAB (2) Ngan Man-yu Kowloon East
Edmund Wong Accountancy

Results breakdown

[edit]

An asterisk (*) denotes that the incumbent candidate was seeking re-election.

Election Committee constituency (40 seats)

[edit]

Twenty-four incumbents formed an informal pact with the eight candidates who are NPC or CPPCC members (Lau Ka-keung, Wong Kam-leung, Roy Chu, Ginny Man, Ngai Ming-tak, Andrew Fan, Thomas So, and Ma Kwong-yu), hoping to secure stronger support from the Election Committee members.[98][99]

2025 Legislative Council election: Election Committee
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Yiu Pak-leung* 1,397 95.95
Independent Chan Hoi-yan* 1,386 95.19
Independent Hoey Simon Lee* 1,360 93.41
Liberal Michael Lee Chun-keung* 1,354 92.99
DAB (NTAS) Ben Chan Han-pan* 1,348 92.58
Independent Ngai Ming-tak (zh-yue) 1,345 92.38
DAB Rock Chen Chung-nin* 1,343 92.24
Independent Johnny Ng Kit-chong* 1,331 91.41
Independent William Wong Kam-fai* 1,329 91.28
DAB Elizabeth Quat* 1,321 91.73
BPA (KWND) Priscilla Leung Mei-fun* 1,316 90.38
FLU Lam Chun-sing* 1,311 90.04
Independent Maggie Chan Man-ki* 1,311 90.04
Independent Ginny Man Wing-yee (zh) 1,308 89.84
FEW Lau Chi-pang* 1,275 87.57
Independent Chan Siu-hung* 1,273 87.43
DAB Chan Wing-kwong* 1,269 87.16
Independent Carmen Kan Wai-mun* 1,268 87.09
DAB (NTAS) Steven Ho Chun-yin* 1,267 87.02
Independent Junius Ho Kwan-yiu* 1,241 85.23
Independent Peter Douglas Koon Ho-ming* 1,233 84.68
Independent Lau Ka-keung (zh-yue) 1,231 84.55
NPP Adrian Pedro Ho King-hong* 1,210 83.10
FEW Wong Kam-leung (zh-yue) 1,201 82.49
Independent Albert Chuang Ka-pun (zh) 1,194 82.01
Independent Elvin Lee Ka-kui (zh-yue) 1,193 81.94
Independent Andrew Lam Siu-lo* 1,189 81.66
FTU Kingsley Wong Kwok* 1,187 81.52
Independent (FEW) Ng Wun-kit (zh-yue)[e] 1,164 79.95
DAB Nixie Lam Lam* 1,160 79.67
Independent Andrew Fan Chun-wah (zh) 1,155 79.33
DAB Roy Chu Lap-wai (zh) 1,144 78.57
FTU Dennis Leung Tsz-wing* 1,089 74.79
Independent Thomas So Shiu-tsung (zh-yue) 1,076 73.90
BPA (KWND) Michelle Tang Ming-sum (zh-yue) 1,073 73.70
Independent Chan Cho-kwong 1,067 73.28
Independent Alan Chan Chung-yee (zh-yue) 1,066 73.21
DAB Hung Kam-in (zh) 1,042 71.57
Independent Fan Hoi-kit (zh-yue) 1,034 71.02
Independent Wu Yingpeng (zh) 1,002 68.82
Independent Fung Ying-lun (zh) 988 67.86
Independent Yolanda Ng Yuen-ting (zh) 970 66.62
Independent Tang Wing-chun (zh-yue) 954 65.52
Independent Lau Chun-kong (zh-yue) 954 65.52
Independent Andrew Kwok Chi-wah (zh-yue) 947 65.04
Independent Chen Shaobo 937 64.35
FTU Ma Kwong-yu (zh-yue) 934 64.15
FPHE Chiu Kwok-wai (zh-yue) 887 60.92
Independent Kevin Orr Ka-yeung (zh-yue) 813 55.84
FTU Tsang Chi-man (zh-yue) 793 54.46
Total valid votes 1,456 99.86
Rejected ballots 2 0.14
Turnout 1,458 99.45
Registered electors 1,466

Functional constituencies (30 seats)

[edit]
Constituency Candidates Affiliation Votes % Elected
Heung Yee Kuk Kenneth Lau Ip-keung* BPA 119 83.80 Green tickY Re-elected
Lau Kai-hong (zh-yue) Independent 23 16.20
Agriculture and Fisheries Chan Pok-chi (zh) DAB 82 50.93 Green tickY Hold for DAB
Yeung Sheung-chun (zh-yue) Independent 79 49.07
Insurance Chan Pui-leung* Independent 48 54.55 Green tickY Re-elected
Simon Lam Yat-tung Independent 40 45.45
Transport Lothair Lam Ming-fung Independent 162 85.71 Green tickY Gain from Liberal
Feng Jiapei Independent 27 14.29
Education Tang Fei* Independent (FEW)[e] 13,759 55.11 Green tickY Re-elected
Ray Cheung Chak-chung (zh-yue) Independent (FEW)[e] 11,206 44.89
Legal Nicholas Chan Hiu-fung (zh) Liberal 1,543 67.20 Green tickY Gain from independent
Virginia Lee Wing-cheung (zh-yue) Independent 753 32.80
Accountancy Webster Ng Kam-wah (zh-yue) Independent 4,389 54.81 Green tickY Gain from DAB
Edmund Wong Chun-sek* DAB 3,618 45.19
Medical and Health Services David Lam Tzit-yuen* Independent 11,739 70.60 Green tickY Re-elected
John Leung Lai-yin (zh-yue) Independent 4,889 29.40
Engineering Aaron Bok Kwok-ming (zh) BPA 3,058 56.26 Green tickY Hold for BPA
Wilton Fok Wai-tung (zh-yue) Independent 2,377 43.74
Architectural, Surveying, Planning and Landscape Julia Lau Man-kwan (zh-yue) Independent 2,157 51.39 Green tickY Gain from independent
Francis Lam Ka-fai (zh-yue) Independent 2,040 48.61
Labour (3 seats) Chau Siu-chung* FLU 521 – Green tickY Re-elected
Lam Wai-kong (zh) FTU 506 – Green tickY Hold for FTU
Lee Kwong-yu (zh) FTU 485 – Green tickY Hold for FTU
Tam Kam-lin (zh-yue) SSA[f] 297 –
So Pak-tsan (zh-yue) FTU 281 –
Social Welfare Grace Chan Man-yee Independent 2,179 46.79 Green tickY Gain from TS
Fong Fu-fai Independent 1,755 37.69
Chu Lai-ling (zh-yue) DAB 723 15.53
Real Estate and Construction Augustine Wong Ho-ming (zh) Independent 316 67.81 Green tickY Gain from BPA
Howard Chao (zh) BPA 150 32.19
Tourism Vivian Kong Man-wai Independent 131 85.06 Green tickY Gain from independent
Ma Yat-chiu (zh) Independent 23 14.94
Commercial (First) Jonathan Stuart Lamport BPA 404 58.81 Green tickY Hold for BPA
Felix Lee Kar-chung Independent 283 41.19
Commercial (Second) Andrew Yao Cho-fai (zh) Independent 194 85.46 Green tickY Gain from independent
Ivan Wong Siu-kei (zh) Independent 33 14.54
Commercial (Third) Erik Yim Kong* Independent 199 65.25 Green tickY Re-elected
Cheung Ki-tang (zh-yue) DAB 106 34.75
Industrial (First) Ray Wong Wing-wai (zh-yue) BPA 153 64.02 Green tickY Hold for BPA
Terrence Hui Man-chun BPA 86 35.98
Industrial (Second) Jimmy Ng Wing-ka* BPA 246 79.87 Green tickY Re-elected
Wong Wai-leung (zh-yue) Independent 62 20.13
Finance Chan Chun-ying* Independent 42 56.00 Green tickY Re-elected
Ip Tsz-kin (zh-yue) Independent 33 44.00
Financial Services Robert Lee Wai-wang* Independent 227 58.35 Green tickY Re-elected
Lian Shaodong (zh-yue) Independent 162 41.65
Sports, Performing Arts, Culture and Publication Kenneth Fok Kai-kong* Independent 193 85.02 Green tickY Re-elected
Lo Kwong-ping (zh-yue) Independent 34 14.98
Import and Export Chung Ki-fung Independent 137 55.92 Green tickY Gain from DAB
Sophia Lee Shuk-woon (zh-yue) Independent 108 44.08
Textiles and Garment Sunny Tan* BPA 202 87.45 Green tickY Re-elected
Shiu King-wah (zh-yue) Independent 29 12.55
Wholesale and Retail Peter Shiu Ka-fai* Liberal 827 84.73 Green tickY Re-elected
Annie Tse Yau On-yee (zh-yue) Independent 149 15.27
Technology and Innovation Duncan Chiu* Independent 65 91.55 Green tickY Re-elected
Mak Hin-yu Independent 6 8.45
Catering Jonathan Leung Chun (zh) Liberal 101 82.11 Green tickY Hold for Liberal
Maurice Kong Chi-hang Independent 22 17.89
HKSAR members of NPC and CPPCC, representatives of national organisations Chan Yung* DAB/NTAS 414 77.38 Green tickY Re-elected
Lai Tat-shing Independent 121 22.62

Geographical constituencies (20 seats)

[edit]
Constituency Candidates Affiliation Votes % Elected
Hong Kong Island East Stanley Ng Chau-pei* FTU 39,707 33.86 Green tickY Re-elected
Elaine Chik Kit-ling (zh) DAB 22,054 18.81 Green tickY Hold for DAB
Kenny Yuen Kin-chung (zh) Liberal 21,696 18.50
Annie Lee Ching-har (zh) DAB 16,458 14.04
Calvin Kwok Ho-king (zh) NPP 17,344 14.79
Hong Kong Island West Chan Hok-fung* DAB 30,543 29.29 Green tickY Re-elected
Judy Chan Kapui* NPP 30,033 28.80 Green tickY Hold for NPP & Re-elected
Kwok Wai-keung* FTU 25,643 24.59
Jeremy Young Chit-on (zh) Liberal 10,675 10.24
Joyce Wong Chau-ping (zh) Independent 7,384 7.08
Kowloon East Bill Tang Ka-piu* FTU 53,675 38.41 Green tickY Re-elected
Cheung Pui-kong (zh) DAB 29,116 20.84 Green tickY Hold for DAB
Leung Sze-wan (zh-yue) Independent 28,834 20.64
Ngan Man-yu* DAB 24,250 17.35
Jeffrey Chan Chun-hung (zh-yue) Independent (PoD)[e] 3,855 2.76
Kowloon West Vincent Cheng Wing-shun* DAB 41,767 40.14 Green tickY Re-elected
Scott Leung Man-kwong* KWND 25,692 24.69 Green tickY Re-elected
Lau Oi-sze (zh) Independent 15,708 15.10
Haywood Guan Weixi (zh) Independent 13,592 13.06
Jeffrey Pong Chiu-fai (zh) BPA 7,285 7.00
Kowloon Central Starry Lee Wai-king* DAB 53,529 41.16 Green tickY Re-elected
Kitson Yang Wing-kit* Independent 28,161 21.65 Green tickY Re-elected
Yeung Nok-hin (zh-yue) Independent 15,734 12.10
Yau Yiu-sing (zh-yue) FTU 12,527 9.63
Tam Lee-yee Independent 12,487 9.60
Lee Chiu-yu (zh) BPA 7,615 5.86
New Territories South East Christine Fong Kwok-shan PP 58,828 42.26 Green tickY Hold for PP
Chris Ip Ngo-tung DAB 26,250 18.86 Green tickY Hold for DAB
Victor Chan Chi-ho (zh) NPP/CF 18,797 13.50
Chris Cheung Mei-hung (zh) Independent 18,681 13.42
Janet Lee Ching-yee (zh-yue) FTU 16,636 11.95
New Territories North Tam Chun-kwok (zh) NTAS 41,657 33.25 Green tickY Gain from New Prospect
Yiu Ming (zh) DAB 33,389 26.65 Green tickY Hold for DAB
Wilson Shum Ho-kit (zh) Independent 22,415 17.89
Kent Tsang King-chung (zh-yue) FTU 17,930 14.31
Michael Liu Tsz-chung (zh-yue) NPP/CF 9,880 7.89
New Territories North West Holden Chow Ho-ding* DAB 42,347 30.64 Green tickY Re-elected
Mark Chong Ho-fung (zh) Roundtable 34,756 25.15 Green tickY Hold for Roundtable
Leung Ming-kin (zh) Independent 25,936 18.77
Luk Chung-hung* FTU 23,282 16.84
Kam Man-fung (zh) NPP 11,893 8.60
New Territories South West Joephy Chan Wing-yan* FTU 52,900 35.54 Green tickY Re-elected
Jody Kwok Fu-yung (zh) DAB 37,020 24.87 Green tickY Hold for DAB
Lo Yuen-ting (zh) DAB 34,138 22.93
Marcella Cheung Man-ka (zh) NPP 16,417 11.03
Mok Yee-ki (zh) BPA 8,383 5.63
New Territories North East Dominic Lee Tsz-king* NPP/CF 42,749 32.98 Green tickY Re-elected
Gary Chan Hak-kan* DAB/NTAS 41,612 32.10 Green tickY Re-elected
Ku Wai-ping (zh) FTU 18,003 13.89
Calvin Tang Siu-fung (zh-yue) BPA 15,319 11.82
Allan Wong Wing-ho (zh) Independent (PoD)[e] 11,951 9.22

Analysis

[edit]

The sweeping change in the composition of the Legislative Council, with at least 40% set to be first-time members,[51] paved way for Beijing to replace the traditional establishment nurtured during the colonial era with younger and more disciplined loyalists, as well as mainland Chinese who would coordinate more closely.[37] The election also signaled a defeat for Hong Kong drifters (gang piao, young, educated migrants from mainland China) and moderates, after three legislators from the former camp (Gary Zhang, Shang Hailong, and Wendy Hong) chose to serve only one term, and the moderate Third Side failed to gather enough nominations.[101] The new session would also be composed of more "national team" members, meaning managers from Chinese enterprises or state-run companies.[37] Separately, more than two dozen NPC members and two dozen CPPCC members joining the race at a time when more local elites were getting involved in national politics has resulted in a "revolving door" phenomenon.[further explanation needed][52]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Did not run in Geographical Constituencies
  2. ^ Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States condemned the election law changes in a joint statement by then-U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken
  3. ^ Labour constituency is not counted due to different voting system used. Vote percentage change is compared to traditional functional constituencies in the last election.
  4. ^ a b Labour constituency counted
  5. ^ a b c d e Political affiliation not declared on nomination form[100]
  6. ^ Hong Kong Safety Supervisors Association (HKSSA) is a member of the Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions

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