Table 5 Study grading of studies on prenatal acetaminophen use and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Baker, 2025

−1

2

0

2

2

2

1.17

7

2

2

Ahlqvist, 2024 (overall study)

2

−1

2

2

−1

NA

0.8

4

1

−1

Ahlqvist, 2024 (sibling -controlled study)

2

−2

0

2

−2

NA

0

0

−1

−2

Woodbury, 2024

−1

0

2

2

1

NA

0.8

4

1

1

Ystrom, 2017

2

1

2

2

1

NA

1.6

8

1

2

Sznajder, 2022

1

0

0

0

1

NA

0.4

2

0

0

Baker, 2020

−1

2

2

2

2

2

1.5

9

2

2

Alemany, 2021

2

0

0

1

1

NA

1

5

1

1

Gustavson, 2021 (overall study)

2

2

0

1

2

−1

1

6

1

2

Gustavson, 2021 (sibling-controlled study)

−1

−1

0

2

1

−1

−0.3

−2

0

−1

Ji, 2020

0

2

2

1

2

2

1.5

9

2

2

Chen, 2019

1

0

0

2

2

NA

0.6

3

1

1

Liew, 2019

2

0

0

2

1

NA

0.6

3

1

2

Tovo-Rodrigues, 2018

1

0

0

1

1

NA

0

0

0

0

Liew, 2016

1

1

2

2

0

NA

1.6

8

2

2

Avella-Garcia, 2016

1

0

2

2

1

NA

1.4

7

0

0

Stergiakouli, 2016

2

0

0

2

1

NA

1

5

1

1

Thompson, 2014

0

−1

0

1

1

NA

0.2

1

0

0

Liew, 2014

2

0

2

2

0

NA

1.2

6

1

1

Streissguth, 1987

−1

−1

0

−1

0

NA

−0.6

−3

−1

−1

Score study of evidence: 2 – very strong; 1 – strong; 0 – moderate; ‐1 – weak; ‐2 – very weak/none

Average score

0.8

0.2

0.8

1.50

0.85

0.8

0.77

4.1

0.75

0.7

Average before add'l studies

0.8

0.27

0.67

1.33

1.07

0.50

0.74

3.93

0.73

0.80