(en français à la suite, French below)
Soil diplomacy: the real gain of Paris
published on LinkedIn January 10 2016, by Dr. Benoit Lambert, consultant on carbon farming and biochar specialist
Sure, the fact that all nations, in particular China and USA, signed the Paris agreement, that a lower than 2º C should be the new target, progress was made in Paris. Yet, history might reveal the real victory of COP 21 is the recognition of a hidden weapon to fight climate change: the role soils can play in reversing global warming. Managing carbon content in soils is the only serious chance we have to take control of the carbon cycle. Not only can soils be a sink for excess carbon, but most soils in the world badly need carbon to regain vitality. Worldwide, 50-70% of C in soils have been lost through ploughing and industrial agriculture processes. Photosynthesis by trees and plants is a huge carbon sequestering machine, ready to be used. Making soils fertile, water retention, reducing needs for inorganic fertilizers: carbon farming is a win-win-win solution with cascading benefits.
Some people, few, have pointed at land sequestration potentials all along. In Nature in 1987, Dr. Thomas Goreau wrote: « To escape the greenhouse problem by renewable resource-based land management is much the cheapest option in the long run, and has many advantages ». Indeed, besides controlling global warming, those advantages include soil fertility and productivity, drought and flood resistance thanks to water retention in carbon-rich soils, the control of polluting inorganic fertilizers and soil erosion, cooler local climates with more biota coverage, and many other co-benefits. In 2015 Goreau was the co-editor and co-author of Geotherapy: Innovative Methods of Soil Fertility Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, and Reversing CO2 Increase.
Controlling the carbon cycle with soils: the idea is fairly simple to understand. But the size of the project is pharaonic. And will create millions of jobs. All of what soil health can do for humanity has finally received some recognition in Paris. On December 1 2015, a declaration of intention for the « 4 grams per 1000 grams », was signed by some 25 countries and 50 organisations of the civil society. Promoted by France’s Minister of Agriculture and Forest, Stéphane Le Foll, the 4p1000.org says we can put back in soils and lands what we currently emit in GHG every year, stopping increase in the atmosphere and oceans. Combine with a massive reduction of emissions from energy, transports and industries, this can be a way out of runaway climate change. Sources must be massively reduced, but sinks are just as well needed.
“This is a game changer because soil carbon is now central to how the world manages climate change,” said André Leu, president of IFOAM Organics International, the world’s leading organic farmers and producers association. “I am stunned. After all the years of advocating for this at UN Climate Change meetings and being the lone voice in the wilderness, it has taken off so quickly and now is global with numerous countries and key institutions supporting it.” According to Leu, “The Paris Accord gives us the mechanisms to reverse climate change through the flexibility of the INDCs (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, or individual country climate actions outlined under international agreement). The real work starts now with developing INDCs that not only stop emissions, but also draw them out of the atmosphere. The French have shown incredible leadership in this with the ‘4 per 1000’ initiative. This is a truly historic moment for our planet,” he said.
Carbon farming, regenerative agriculture, restorative lands management, holistic grazing management, « drawdown » and « putting carbon back where it belongs »… a new vocabulary refers to a badly needed reform of agriculture and animal husbandry to restore the biosphere. The fight against the climate crisis will certainly bring humanity towards a low carbon economy based on renewable energies. But just as importantly, it might bring us towards a first genuine green agriculture revolution. That revolution will give biology the place it must have in food production, and land management, for life and humanity to thrive. It is a paradigm shift that will give rise to a geotherapy putting biology first, therefore challenging big agriculture based on industrial processes. It will put soils life-web and the commons, at the centre of discussions. In Paris we entered the soil-age, and its political expression, soil diplomacy.
La diplomatie des sols: le véritable gain de la COP 21
par Benoit Lambert, Ph.D., consultant en agriculture à base de carbone, spécialiste du biochar
Bien entendu, le fait que tous les pays du monde, y compris la Chine et les États-Unis, aient signé l’Accord de Paris, que la nouvelle ambition soit fixée à moins de 2º C, sont significatifs. Des progrès ont été réalisés à Paris. Mais la véritable victoire de la COP 21 est la reconnaissance d’une arme secrète pour lutter contre les changements climatiques: le rôle que les sols peuvent jouer dans l’inversion du réchauffement climatique. La gestion du contenu en carbone des sols est la seule chance de prendre sérieusement le contrôle du cycle du carbone. Non seulement le carbone peut être un puits pour le carbone en excès dans l’atmosphère et les océans, mais la majorité des sols de la planète ont un besoin criant de carbone pour regagner leur vitalité. Dans le monde, 50-70% du C dans les sols a été perdu par le labour et les procédés agricoles industriels. La photosynthèse par les arbres et les plantes est une gigantesque machine à séquestrer le carbone, prête pour usage immédiatement. Rendre les sols fertiles, retention de l’eau, réduction les besoins en engrais inorganiques: l’agriculture à base de carbone est une solution gagnante-gagnante-gagnante avec une cascade de bienfaits.
Quelques individus — ils sont peu nombreux — ont pointé du doigt les possibilités de la séquestration par les sols depuis longtemps. Dans Nature en 1987, le Dr. Thomas Goreau écrivait: « Sortir du problème de l’effet de serre par la gestion des terres, est, à long terme, l’option la meilleure marché, et elle a de nombreux avantages. » En effet, en plus de contrôler le réchauffement climatique, ces avantages incluent la fertilité des sols et leur productivité, la maîtrise de la pollution par les engrais inorganiques, la maitrise de l’érosion des sols, des climats locaux plus tempérés grâce à de meilleures couvertures végétales, etc. En 2015, Goreau à été le co-éditeur et le co-auteur de Geotherapy: Innovative Methods of Soil Fertility Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, and Reversing CO2 Increase.
Contrôler le cycle du carbone grâce aux sols: l’idée est facile à comprendre. Mais la dimension du projet est pharaonique. Et créera des millions d’emplois. Tout ce que la santé des sols peut faire pour l’humanité a enfin reçu une reconnaissance à la COP 21. Le premier décembre une déclaration d’intention, le « 4 grammes par 1000 grammes » a été signé par 25 pays et 50 organisations de la société civile. Promu par le ministre français de l’Agriculture et des Forêts, Stéphane Le Foll, le 4p1000.org dit que l’on peut remettre dans les sols ce que nous émettons en GES chaque année. Ainsi, nous pouvons enfin cesser d’augmenter les GES dans l’atmosphère et les océans. Combiné à une réduction massive des émissions, nous pourrions ainsi sortir d’une crise climatique hors contrôle. Les sources doivent être réduites massivement, mais des puits de carbone sont tout aussi nécessaires.
« Cela change tout puisque le carbone des sols est désormais au centre de la gestion du changement climatique » déclarait André Leu, le président l’IFOAM Organics International, la plus grande association d’agriculteurs et de producteurs bio du monde. Il poursuivait en disant: « Je suis stupéfait. Après toutes ces années à défendre ceci et à être la seule voie à l’horizon sur le sujet, ça a démarré si rapidement. C’est maintenant soutenu par de nombreux pays et des institutions clefs. » Et de poursuivre: « L’Accord de Paris nous donne des mécanismes pour inverser le changement climatique par les plans d’actions décidés par les États (INDC). Le vrai travail commence maintenant par le développement d’INDCs qui non seulement arrêtent les émissions, mais retirent des GES de l’atmosphère. La France démontre un leadership formidable avec l’initiative ‘4 pour 1000’. Nous vivons un moment véritablement historique pour la planète. »
L’agriculture à base de carbone, l’agriculture régénératrice, la gestion par la restauration des sols, la gestion holistique des pâturages… ce nouveau vocabulaire réfère à une réforme nécessaire et urgente de l’agriculture et de l’élevage pour restorer la biosphère. La bataille contre la crise climatique conduira certainement l’humanité vers une économie à faible empreinte carbone, basée sur les énergie renouvelables. Mais de façon tout aussi significative, elle pourrait nous mener vers une première véritable révolution verte en agriculture. Cette révolution donnera à la biologie la place qu’elle doit avoir dans la production alimentaire et la gestion des terres, pour l’épanouissement de la vie et de l’humanité. Ce changement de paradigme va donner naissance à une géothérapie défiant le complexe agro-industriel. Il mettra la toile de vie des sols, et l’intérêt général, au centre des discussions. À Paris, nous sommes entré dans l’âge des sols, et son expression politique, la diplomatie des sols.
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