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Introduction

Bethlehem, known as the “House of Bread,” holds significant importance in biblical history. Located in the Judean highlands, approximately 9 km south-southwest of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, this town sits at an altitude of about 780 meters above sea level. Despite its rocky terrain, Bethlehem has historically produced olives, grapes, and various cereals (Ruth 1:22). This article delves into the historical and biblical significance of Bethlehem, providing a comprehensive understanding of its role in biblical narratives.

Bethlehem, the birthplace of David and Jesus, as it appears today

Bethlehem’s Early References and Names

Bethlehem was originally known as Ephrath or Ephrathah. This is evident from Genesis 35:19, where Jacob buried Rachel “on the way to Ephrath, that is to say, Bethlehem.” This dual naming is further confirmed in Genesis 48:7. Among the early descendants of Judah, “Salma the father of Bethlehem” and “Hur the firstborn of Ephrathah the father of Bethlehem” are mentioned (1 Chronicles 2:51, 54; 4:4). These references suggest that these individuals were forefathers of the Israelites who later occupied Bethlehem.

Bethlehem in the Tribal Allotment of Judah

Upon entering Canaan, Bethlehem fell within the territory of Judah. Despite its significance, it is not specifically mentioned in any list of Judean cities. This absence is notable, considering its later prominence in biblical events. Another Bethlehem existed in the territory of Zebulun, which is why the town in Judah was often distinguished by references to Ephrath or “Bethlehem in Judah” (Judges 17:7-9; 19:1-2, 18). The ambiguity in the references has led to some debate about whether certain individuals, like Judge Ibzan, were from Bethlehem in Judah or Zebulun (Judges 12:8-10).

Significant Biblical Events in Bethlehem

Bethlehem’s significance is highlighted in several key biblical events. Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their sons were from Bethlehem, and Naomi returned here with Ruth the Moabitess (Ruth 1:1-2, 19, 22). Boaz, another prominent figure in the book of Ruth, was also from Bethlehem. The narrative surrounding Ruth, Naomi, and Boaz, who were ancestors of Jesus, centers around Bethlehem and its fields (Ruth 2:4; 4:11).

David, the son of “Jesse the Bethlehemite,” was born in Bethlehem. He tended his father’s sheep in the area and was anointed by Samuel to be Israel’s future king (1 Samuel 16:1, 4, 13, 18; 17:12, 15, 58; 20:6). Later, while a fugitive, David expressed his longing for a drink of water from a cistern at Bethlehem, then occupied by the Philistines (2 Samuel 23:14-15; 1 Chronicles 11:16-17). Notably, three wells are still found on the north side of the town. David’s connection to Bethlehem extends to his notable warriors, such as Elhanan and his nephews Joab, Abishai, and Asahel, who were also from Bethlehem (2 Samuel 23:24; 2:18-23, 32).

Bethlehem’s Fortification and Post-Exilic Period

Despite its central location, Bethlehem was not chosen as David’s capital. It is only mentioned again during the reign of Solomon’s son Rehoboam when he fortified the town (2 Chronicles 11:5-6). After the fall of Jerusalem to Babylon, the remnant of the people left in Judah made a stopover near Bethlehem before going to Egypt (Jeremiah 41:17). Additionally, men of Bethlehem were among those returning from Babylon following the exile (Ezra 2:21; Nehemiah 7:26).

Bethlehem in Prophecy

Bethlehem, though not listed among the cities of Judah in tribal divisions, gained prominence through Messianic prophecy. The prophet Micah foretold that Bethlehem Ephrathah, despite being “too little to get to be among the thousands of Judah,” would be the birthplace of the Messiah (Micah 5:2). This prophecy underscored Bethlehem’s significance, as the Jewish people understood it to mean that the Messiah would be born in and proceed from this town (John 7:40-42). This belief was also affirmed by their chief priests and scribes (Matthew 2:3-6).

The Birth of Jesus in Bethlehem

Mary, while pregnant, traveled from Nazareth in Galilee to Bethlehem, fulfilling the divine prophecy that the Messiah would be born there (Luke 1:26-38; 2:4-7). This journey covered approximately 110 km to 150 km, depending on the route. At the time of Jesus’ birth, shepherds were living outdoors in the fields, indicating a time before the rainy season, likely before mid-October (Luke 2:8). This aligns with the unlikelihood of Caesar Augustus ordering a registration in December, a time of difficult travel due to winter conditions (Luke 2:1-6; compare Matthew 24:20).

The exact location of the stable where Jesus was born remains unknown. However, the event attracted Oriental astrologers searching for “the young child,” who visited Bethlehem sometime after Jesus’ birth when His family was residing in a house (Matthew 2:1-12). Although their visit led to the massacre of male children in Bethlehem ordered by King Herod, the divine intervention ensured Jesus’ safety (Matthew 2:12, 16). This tragic event fulfilled Jeremiah 31:15, as quoted in Matthew 2:17-18.

Archaeological and Historical Significance of Bethlehem

Archaeologically, Bethlehem has been the subject of various excavations, though the exact locations of many biblical events remain speculative. The town’s strategic location on a major highway and its high altitude made it significant militarily. Despite its modest size and population, Bethlehem’s biblical connections, particularly with David and Jesus, elevate its importance in biblical history.

The discovery of artifacts and structures in Bethlehem and its vicinity contributes to our understanding of its historical context. These findings, though limited, provide insights into the daily life, culture, and practices of its ancient inhabitants. The presence of ancient wells, burial sites, and remnants of buildings corroborates biblical accounts, though much remains to be explored and understood.

Grotto of the Nativity, with the crypt of the manger. The belief that Jesus was born in a cave dates at least to the time of Justin Martyr (middle 2nd cent. C.E.). (W. S. LaSor)

Bethlehem’s transformation from a small village to a significant site in Christian tradition underscores its enduring legacy. Modern archaeological efforts continue to uncover layers of history, revealing more about its role and significance through various periods, from the time of the Judges and Kings to the post-exilic era and beyond.

Bethlehem’s historical and biblical significance is profound, extending from the early days of Israel’s settlement in Canaan to its pivotal role in the life of David and the birth of Jesus. Its mention in various genealogies, prophecies, and narratives highlights its importance in God’s unfolding plan. Through the lens of archaeology and biblical scholarship, Bethlehem continues to be a focal point for understanding the historical context of biblical events and the fulfillment of divine prophecies.

The Historical and Archaeological Evidence

The historical and archaeological evidence surrounding Bethlehem provides valuable insights into its significance throughout various biblical periods. This section delves into the archaeological discoveries and historical records that corroborate the biblical narrative and shed light on the life and times of Bethlehem.

BETHLEHEM A city in the territory of Judah, 6 miles south of Jerusalem

Early Historical References

The earliest historical references to Bethlehem come from biblical records, with the town being mentioned in connection with the patriarchs and the tribe of Judah. Genesis 35:19 notes the burial of Rachel, Jacob’s wife, near Bethlehem, which was then known as Ephrath. This early mention establishes Bethlehem as a location of historical and familial significance.

During the period of the Judges, Bethlehem is mentioned as the home of Elimelech, Naomi, and their sons, as well as the setting for the story of Ruth and Boaz (Ruth 1:1-2, 19, 22; 2:4; 4:11). The narrative of Ruth, which is intertwined with the lineage of King David and ultimately Jesus, emphasizes Bethlehem’s role in Israel’s heritage.

Davidic Connection

Bethlehem’s most notable historical connection is with King David, who was born and raised in this town. David’s association with Bethlehem is documented in multiple passages, including 1 Samuel 16:1, 4, 13, 18, and 17:12, 15, 58. David’s anointing by Samuel and his early life as a shepherd in Bethlehem are pivotal events that highlight the town’s importance in the establishment of the Davidic dynasty.

Archaeological evidence, though limited, has been found that supports the biblical narrative of Bethlehem during the time of David. Excavations have uncovered pottery and artifacts dating back to the Iron Age, corresponding to the period of David’s life. These findings, while not directly linked to specific biblical events, provide a cultural and historical context that aligns with the biblical account.

Prophetic Fulfillment

The prophecy of Micah 5:2, which foretold the birth of the Messiah in Bethlehem, is one of the most significant prophetic fulfillments in the Bible. This prophecy underscores Bethlehem’s role in God’s redemptive plan. The New Testament writers, particularly in Matthew 2:3-6 and John 7:40-42, reference this prophecy to confirm Jesus’ birth in Bethlehem as the fulfillment of divine promise.

Small entrance to the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. Archway was filled to keep out horsemen.

Roman Period and the Birth of Jesus

The Roman period brought significant changes to Bethlehem, transforming it into a site of immense historical and religious importance. The census ordered by Caesar Augustus, which led to Mary and Joseph’s journey to Bethlehem, is documented in Luke 2:1-7. This event set the stage for Jesus’ birth in Bethlehem, fulfilling the prophecy of Micah 5:2.

Archaeological evidence from this period includes the remnants of Roman structures and artifacts that provide insights into the daily life and administration of Bethlehem under Roman rule. The discovery of coins, pottery, and inscriptions helps paint a picture of Bethlehem’s status and economy during the time of Jesus’ birth.

The Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.

Byzantine and Medieval Periods

Bethlehem continued to hold religious significance through the Byzantine and Medieval periods. The construction of the Church of the Nativity in the 4th century C.E. by Emperor Constantine and his mother Helena marked a significant development in Bethlehem’s history. This church, built over the traditional site of Jesus’ birth, became a major pilgrimage destination.

Archaeological excavations in and around the Church of the Nativity have revealed mosaics, columns, and other architectural elements from the Byzantine period. These findings highlight the church’s historical and religious importance and provide a tangible link to early Christian worship and reverence for Bethlehem.

Bethlehem Seal – Earliest Proof of King David’s Hometown

Modern Archaeological Efforts

Modern archaeological efforts in Bethlehem continue to uncover new insights into its historical significance. Excavations have revealed artifacts from various periods, including the Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman period, and beyond. These discoveries help scholars piece together the chronological development of Bethlehem and its role in different historical contexts.

One significant discovery is the “Bethlehem Seal,” a small clay seal impression dating back to the First Temple period. This seal, inscribed with the name “Bethlehem,” provides the first extra-biblical mention of the town, confirming its existence and importance during the time of the Judean monarchy. Such finds are crucial in corroborating the biblical narrative and understanding Bethlehem’s historical timeline.

Agricultural and Economic Insights

Bethlehem’s rocky yet fertile landscape has historically supported agriculture, particularly the cultivation of olives, grapes, and cereals. The presence of ancient terraces and agricultural installations provides evidence of the town’s economic activities. These insights help understand the daily life and sustenance of Bethlehem’s inhabitants throughout various periods.

The production of olive oil, a staple in the ancient economy, is well-documented through the discovery of ancient olive presses. Similarly, the cultivation of grapes for wine production is supported by the presence of ancient wine presses. These agricultural practices are consistent with biblical descriptions of the region’s productivity and align with accounts such as Ruth 2:4, where Boaz’s fields are mentioned.

Social and Cultural Aspects

The social and cultural aspects of Bethlehem are illuminated through archaeological finds such as pottery, tools, and household items. These artifacts provide glimpses into the daily life, customs, and practices of Bethlehem’s residents. The discovery of household items and personal belongings helps create a vivid picture of the community’s lifestyle and social structure.

Additionally, burial sites and tombs in and around Bethlehem offer insights into the burial practices and beliefs of its ancient inhabitants. The tombs of Rachel (Genesis 35:19) and Asahel (2 Samuel 2:32) are notable examples of the town’s burial traditions, which have been confirmed by archaeological exploration.

View of Bethlehem with Herodium in the background.

Religious Significance and Pilgrimage

Bethlehem’s religious significance has made it a focal point for pilgrimage throughout history. The Church of the Nativity, built over the traditional site of Jesus’ birth, has been a major destination for Christian pilgrims since its construction. The church’s architectural features, including its mosaics, columns, and carvings, reflect the reverence and devotion associated with Bethlehem.

Archaeological studies of the Church of the Nativity and its surrounding areas have revealed layers of construction and renovation, highlighting its enduring importance through various historical periods. The site’s continuous use and veneration underscore Bethlehem’s central role in Christian tradition and its lasting impact on religious practices.

Stained glass window depicting the nativity scene at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.

Conclusion

The historical and archaeological evidence surrounding Bethlehem provides a comprehensive understanding of its significance throughout biblical history. From its early mentions in the patriarchal narratives to its association with King David and the fulfillment of Messianic prophecy, Bethlehem’s role in the biblical narrative is profound. Archaeological discoveries continue to shed light on the town’s cultural, economic, and religious aspects, enriching our understanding of its historical context. Through these findings, Bethlehem remains a focal point for exploring the intersection of history, faith, and archaeology.

About the Author

EDWARD D. ANDREWS (AS in Criminal Justice, BS in Religion, MA in Biblical Studies, and MDiv in Theology) is CEO and President of Christian Publishing House. He has authored over 220+ books. In addition, Andrews is the Chief Translator of the Updated American Standard Version (UASV).