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National prevalence and regional variation in the burden of hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Public Health volume 25, Article number: 3768 (2025) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Hypertension (HTN) represents a significant public health concern, having reached epidemic proportions globally. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to derive pooled estimates for region-specific prevalence of hypertension in rural and urban areas of India, aiming to elucidate regional disparities.

Methods

A comprehensive search strategy identified relevant studies from databases like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Shodhganga. Studies focusing on HTN prevalence (2011–2022), adult populations, and conducted in India were included, while those with a cross-sectional design and lacking essential data were excluded. Two reviewers independently extracted data, and quality assessment used the appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies.

Results

A total of 112 studies met The inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of hypertension in India was 27.2% (95% CI: 23.2% – 31.3%; I2 = 99%, n = 112 studies). The highest prevalence was in the northern region (33.0%) (95% CI: 26.0% – 40.0%; I2 = 99%, n = 20 studies).

Conclusions

Hypertension represents a significant public health concern in India, with an estimated prevalence of one in four adults. This systematic review and meta-analysis contributes to the existing knowledge regarding hypertension in India and provides valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare professionals on the necessity of region-specific interventions for effective hypertension control and management.

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Background

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in India [1]. Data from the Registrar General of India, World Health Organization (WHO), and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study highlight CVDs' significant impact on death rates and disability [2]. WHO reports NCDs account for 74% of global deaths [3]. In India, NCDs' prevalence increased, constituting 55% of total disease burden in 2016 compared to 30% in 1990. NCDs accounted for 61% of fatalities in 2016, up from 37% in 1990 [4]. This concealed epidemic contributes to poverty and impedes economic development in many nations [1].

Hypertension is a critical health issue with significant global public health implications. Characterized by persistent elevated blood pressure, it often precedes serious cardiovascular complications. Hypertension is a leading contributor to the global disease burden, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, And other life-threatening conditions. It contributes to premature mortality globally, affecting over a billion individuals, with about 1 in 4 men And 1 in 5 women affected [5]. The WHO report indicates that individuals living with hypertension or under hypertension medications doubled to 1.3 billion between 1990 And 2019. Nearly half of all hypertensive individuals worldwide are unaware of Their condition. The report states that approximately 80% of individuals with hypertension lack sufficient treatment; however, by expanding coverage, countries could prevent 76 million Deaths between 2023 And 2050 [6].

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), The mortality rate from hypertension has increased, now constituting over 12.8% of global fatalities And 57 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) or 3.7% of total DALYs [7]. In response to the rising burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), India implemented the National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NP-NCD) in 2010, expanding it nationwide by 2016 [8].

The study generates national pooled estimates of hypertension prevalence and highlights regional and rural–urban disparities in India. These insights will guide policymakers in designing targeted interventions for high-burden areas, comparing treatment and control rates, identifying research gaps, and informing evidence-based strategies. The decadal synthesis complements annual estimates, supporting more effective resource allocation and long-term planning for hypertension control.

Methods

This systematic review And meta-analysis examined the national And regional prevalence of hypertension among adult populations in India between 2011 And 2022, adhering to the PRISMA guidelines [9].

The review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (ref. CRD42022354213).

A comprehensive search strategy was developed to identify published systematic and literature reviews, including original articles on hypertension.

A structured search strategy was formulated using medical subject headings (MESH) and free text words. The search terms were related to the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of hypertension. The primary keywords were hypertension, India, cross-sectional, and prevalence. Supplementary Table 1 provides a detailed search strategy adapted for each database. After finalizing the search strategy, data extraction was performed.

Eligible studies were identified through title And abstract screening, followed by full-text review. We included observational studies meeting These criteria: 1) Cross-sectional studies And Surveys, 2) Conducted among adults (aged 18 years and above), 3) Population/community-based studies in India. The year limit was January 2011 to August 2022.

Exclusion criteria were: 1) Case series, interventional studies, case reports, editorials, commentaries, secondary data analysis, Pregnancy induced hypertension, guidelines, recommendations, KAP-based studies, Delphi, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), drug management or treatment-based studies, camp-based, hospital-based, case–control studies, randomised control trials, Cohort study, retrospective studies, molecular or genetic studies, non-human subjects, Systemic reviews And meta-analysis, protocols, Studies reporting risk factors, biomarkers, or outcomes other than hypertension, 2) Studies before 2011.

Two reviewers independently screened all database records for undecided studies. Two authors assessed quality, evaluating factors such as sample size, sampling strategy, and adherence to standardized screening criteria.

Data were extracted from databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar & ShodhGanga) by two reviewers. Records were imported into RAYYAN, an online collaborative systematic review program (http://rayyan.qcri.org). Duplicates were removed. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, followed by a detailed examination of screened papers based on inclusion criteria. Data extracted from each study included papers reviewed by two authors using a spreadsheet with specific variables: first author, study location, publication year, study/data collection year, state, geographical area (rural/urban), sample size, total hypertension cases (numbers and percentage), sampling method, And sample size. Participant characteristics like gender And age group were recorded. Reviewers resolved disagreements through discussions and consensus. Remaining discrepancies were addressed by The primary reviewer. Microsoft Excel software version 16.16.27 (201,012) was used as the systematic review data repository.

The methodological quality of the studies was Analyzed independently by two reviewers using the AXIS tool, which appraises study design, reporting quality, And risk of bias in cross-sectional studies. In this systematic review, bias was assessed using The AXIS Tool to evaluate regional variation in prevalence and burden of hypertension in India. The AXIS tool comprises 20 components that evaluate study quality, focusing on methods and results [10]. These components include study objectives, design, sample size, population selection, sample frame, participant recruitment, handling of non-responders, risk factors and outcome measurements, statistical methods, result consistency, discussion justification, acknowledgement of limitations, ethical approval, and disclosure of conflicts of interest or funding sources. Studies were assessed for level of bias (high risk, low risk, and unclear).

The pooled prevalence of hypertension was calculated using the inverse Variance Heterogeneity method. Heterogeneity among studies was determined using the I2 statistic. MetaXL software was used for meta-analysis. A p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

A subgroup analysis across regions (zone/state) was conducted to elucidate heterogeneity. For this Analysis, we Analyzed 109 studies from the North Zone (n = 20), South Zone (n = 46), East Zone (n = 14), Central Zone (n = 13), Western Zone (n = 10), and North East Zone (n = 6). The subgroup analysis did not include studies that mentioned the study area as India (n = 3). A forest plot summarized the results of the subgroup analysis.

Publication bias and small study effects were assessed using the DOI plot and LFK (Luis Furuya-Kanamori) Index.

Results

The search yielded 8,764 results from different databases (PubMed n = 5,751, Scopus n = 2788, Google Scholar n = 212, and Shodhganga n = 13). The literature was imported into Rayyan. Duplicates (n = 1290) were detected And resolved. After removal of duplicates, 7,474 studies were identified. These articles were screened based on title And abstract. A total of 7244 articles were excluded: Wrong population-716, Systematic review/editorials/trends-902, Hospital Based studies-1288, Not in India-1761, Not on hypertension prevalence-1341, Interventional/Genetic studies-1236. Finally, 230 articles were identified for full-text screening. Studies whose study period or publication year was before 2011 (n = 77) were excluded, yielding a total of 153 studies.

Articles with incorrect methodology, Duplicates (n = 4), were excluded giving a yield of (n = 146) studies.

Finally, 146 articles were found eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. Full texts of n = 146 were extracted. During this process, 12 authors were contacted for procuring the full-text of the articles.

The full texts of studies reporting hypertension prevalence were examined to evaluate methodology and sample size, determining inclusion or exclusion. Studies with freely accessible full texts were extracted, and corresponding authors of studies lacking open access were contacted via email and telephone. Upon full-text review, certain articles were hospital-based (n = 8), review articles (n = 8), conference abstracts (n = 12), and editorials (n = 6); these (n = 34) were further excluded, resulting in a final yield of 112 studies.

The article selection process is illustrated in the PRISMA Flow chart in (Supplementary Fig. 1) and PRISMA Checklist (Supplementary File 1). The full texts of 112 articles were subsequently extracted and assessed for eligibility, including sub-categorization of multi-site studies.

These 112 studies were imported into Microsoft Excel. A spreadsheet was prepared, containing authors' details, year of publication, study settings, population characteristics, and outcomes (Table 1) [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110].

Table 1 Data extraction sheet
Full size table

From the imported data, the abstract was screened to derive the overall hypertension prevalence in the study.

Risk of bias assessment

In this study, An overall risk of bias assessment was conducted for 112 studies included in the systematic review (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Risk of bias assessment

Full size image

The majority of study components represented a low risk of bias.

We found a pooled estimate (with an Inverse square heterogeneity model) of The prevalence of overall hypertension in India was 27.2% (95%CI: 23.2% – 31.3%; I2 = 99%, n = 112 studies), leading to precise estimates of hypertension prevalence in the study area and increasing the generalizability of findings (Fig. 2). Possible reasons for variation could be differences in population type, geographical distribution, or sample size.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Forrest plot for hypertension prevalence in India

Full size image

Small study effects

We evaluated small study effects like publication bias using the DOI plot & LFK index and Funnel Plot. There was no asymmetry in the National pooled estimate [LFK index = 0.74] and Zonal estimate. The funnel plot's approximate symmetry indicates a low risk of publication bias (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Funnel plot for publication bias

Full size image

Subgroup analysis

Zone wise

India comprises 28 states And 8 Union territories, divided into North, South, Central, East and West Zones based on the Inter-state Council secretariat classification of geographic regions [111]. The north zone includes Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Delhi, Chandigarh, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh [112]. The south zone includes Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep [113]. The east zone includes Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, while the west zone comprises Maharashtra, Gujarat, Goa, Dadar Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu [114, 115]. The northeast zone includes Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura [116]. In the present study, a region-wise subgroup analysis was done using studies from these zones to determine the prevalence of hypertension across various regions (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Map of India showing hypertension prevalence

Full size image

There was pooled prevalence of hypertension of 33.0%(95% CI: 0.26%−0.40%, I2 −99, n-20) in North zone (Chandigarh, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Rajasthan, New Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir), with maximum weightage (25.6) from Jarhyan P et al.'s 2016 study [117] (Supplementary Fig. 2).

The LFK index showed minor asymmetry of −1.31 (Supplementary Fig. 3).

The South zone (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andaman and Nicobar Islands) showed hypertension prevalence of 24.0% %(95% CI: 0.17%−0.30%, I2 −99%, n-47) with maximum weightage (27.3) from Jayanna K et al.'s 2019 study [43] (Supplementary Fig. 4).

The LFK index showed major asymmetry of 3.29 (Supplementary Fig. 5).

In the East zone (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar), overall hypertension prevalence was 32.0%(95% CI: 0.21%−0.43%, I2 −99%, n-14) with maximum weightage (41.9) from Banerjee S et al.'s 2016 study [17] (Supplementary Fig. 6). The LFK index shows major asymmetry of −3.92 (Supplementary Fig. 7).

An overall prevalence of 29.0%(95% CI: 0.22%−0.37%, I2 −99%, n-13) was observed in the Central zone (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh) with maximum weightage (25.1) from Chakma T et al.'s 2017 study [24] (Supplementary Fig. 8).

The LFK index showed no asymmetry (0.61) (Supplementary Fig. 9).

The Western zone (Gujarat, Maharashtra) had overall prevalence of 25.0% (95% CI: 0.16%−0.36%, I2 −99%, n-10) with maximum weightage (47.3) from More A et al.'s 2016 study [118] (Supplementary Fig. 10).

The LFK index showed minor asymmetry of −1.86 (Supplementary Fig. 11).

In the North East zone, there was An overall prevalence of 22.0%(95% CI: 0.05%−0.42%, I2 −99%, n-6) with maximum weightage contributed by the study by Borah PK et al. in 2018 [21] (Supplementary Fig. 12).

The LFK index showed a major asymmetry of 3.20 (Supplementary Fig. 13).

Urban rural settings

A subgroup Analysis on urban And rural settings of 82 studies was done using studies from urban (n = 37) and rural (n = 45) settings to determine hypertension prevalence across settings. Studies with urban rural combined (n = 13), urban slum (n = 5), non specified settings (n = 8), Medical college rural (n = 1), Medical college urban (n = 1), Tertiary care medical college (n = 1), and Tribal area (n = 1) were excluded. The pooled prevalence in urban areas was 25.0% (95% CI:0.15%−0.35%, I2 = 99%, n = 37), with maximum weightage (38.5) contributed by Jayanna K et al. in 2019 [43] (Supplementary Fig. 14).

whereas, The pooled prevalence of 28.0% (CI 95%: 0.22%−0.34%, I2 = 99%, n = 45 studies] was found in the rural population with maximum weightage (20.0) contributed by the study conducted by Singh M et al. in 2017 [89] (Supplementary Fig. 15).

The difference in hypertension prevalences between urban and rural settings may be due to the number of studies pooled from each setting.

Discussion

These statistics underscore the imperative of addressing hypertension as a significant health concern. While the association between hypertension and adverse health outcomes is well-established, elucidating the underlying factors, prevalence, and regional variations in hypertension is crucial for effective prevention and management. The increasing prevalence of NCDs, particularly hypertension, necessitates effective preventive measures, early detection, and improved management strategies. Through comprehensive public health initiatives, awareness campaigns, lifestyle modifications, and improved access to healthcare services, India can mitigate the burden of hypertension and other NCDs. Such efforts are crucial to improve overall health and well-being, and address the escalating impact of NCDs on mortality and morbidity rates in the country.

This systematic review summarizes The literature on the prevalence of hypertension in India over the past 11 years and provides an updated summary of regional variations across the country.

The findings reveal a substantial burden of hypertension in India, with An overall pooled prevalence of 27·0% among The adult population between 2011–2022. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Anchala et al. in 2014, with data from 1950–2013, reported An overall prevalence of 29.8% (95% CI, 26.7%−33.0%) in India [119]. A study by Cao Y et al. Demonstrated a hypertension prevalence of 27.3% in Kerala, consistent with the present study's findings [23]. Another systematic review And meta-analysis in SAARC countries by Neupane D et al. indicated a comparable prevalence rate of 27% [120].

A recent systematic review And meta-analysis in 2021 by Dhungana RR et al. on trends in hypertension in Nepal, using data between 2000 to 2025, revealed a pooled hypertension prevalence of 32% (95% CI: 23.0%−40.0%), higher than the present study [121].

The regional variations in The present study show a pooled prevalence of 33.0% in The North Zone, 24.0% % in The South Zone, 32.0% in The East Zone, 29.0% in The Central Zone, 25.0% in Western zone And 22.0% in North East zone. Anchala et al. (2014) reported regional estimates for hypertension prevalence: 14.5% (13.3%−15.7%), 31.7% (30.2%−33.3%), 18·1% (16.9%−19.2%) And 21.1% (20.1%−22.0%) for rural north, east, west And south India; 28.8% (26.9%−30.8%), 34.5% (32.6%−36.5%), 35.8% (35.2%−36.5%), And 31.8% (30.4%−33.1%) for urban north, east, west and south India, respectively. This prevalence rate signifies a considerable public health challenge, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and policy initiatives to mitigate its impact.

According to the factsheet for India during NFHS-4, the prevalence of hypertension (very high (Systolic ≥ 180 mmHg and/or Diastolic ≥ 110 mmHg)) among women aged 15–45 years was 0.7%, while among men, it was 0.9% in the same age group [122]. In contrast, the latest data from NFHS-5 factsheets indicate that the occurrence of elevated blood pressure (systolic ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg) was 24.0% among men (aged 15 years and above) And 21.0% among women of the same age group [123]. These statistics demonstrate a substantial increase in the prevalence of hypertension in recent years.

The escalating prevalence of diabetes and its associated metabolic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as hypertension and obesity, is no longer confined to developed nations; it is rapidly increasing in developing countries like India. As NCDs become more prevalent due to rapid urbanization and economic growth, the availability of reliable epidemiological data becomes crucial. These data are essential for estimating the impact and factors influencing diabetes and for facilitating the development of prevention and control strategies. Although several regional studies exist, the marked heterogeneity between states and regions of India limits the generalizability of their results. The national Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study was, therefore, designed And conducted to provide accurate And comprehensive data at both state and national levels concerning The prevalence of diabetes and other metabolic NCDs in India. The ICMR-INDIAB study was conducted in 31 states And Union territories And The National Capital Territory of India between 2008–2020. The study reported the prevalence of different cardiometabolic disease risk factors, including diabetes, prediabetes, obesity, hypertension, And dyslipidemia. The study was representative of a national population-based study in India And reflected The burden of diabetes and other metabolic NCDs among individuals residing in both urban and rural India. The ICMR-INDIAB study revealed a prevalence of hypertension of 35.5%. The findings from this study were critical for understanding the epidemiology of diabetes in India, guiding healthcare interventions, and developing targeted public health programs aimed at reducing the growing burden of diabetes and its associated complications in the population [124].

The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) was a comprehensive population-based study conducted in Chennai, India, aimed at elucidating the prevalence, risk factors, and complications associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes. Initiated by the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF), this study has been instrumental in investigating the epidemiology of diabetes and related conditions in both urban and rural populations, providing valuable insights into the prevalence of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and other CVDs among various demographic groups in the Chennai region [125].

In recent years, hypertension has emerged as the most prevalent cardiovascular disorder affecting populations globally and remains a significant contributor to the global burden of non-communicable diseases and mortality. It is considered a major public health concern primarily due to the increase in its risk factors. A systematic review conducted by Riaz M et al. to assess the factors associated with hypertension in Pakistan demonstrated an association of multiple factors, including socio-demographic variables, lifestyle factors, co-morbidities, and psychological variables with hypertension, which is in concordance with the findings of Indian studies [126]. Another study with similar objectives, assessing the prevalence And risk factors associated with hypertension among adults in rural settings of Cameroon, found that age above 40 years, obesity were significant factors associated with hypertension [127]. which may be attributable to occupational factors similar to the studies included in this review.

India aims for a 25% reduction in hypertension prevalence by 2025. To achieve this, it is important to fast-track access to treatment services by strengthening interventions such as the India Hypertension Control Initiative (IHCI). India's IHCI program has enrolled 4 million hypertensive patients over four years, covering 12.5% of The estimated hypertensive population. With a retention rate of 72% or higher, controlled blood pressure cases rose from 65,240 in 2019 to 777,243 in 2022. Key success factors include a simple treatment protocol, decentralized patient-centered care, uninterrupted drug supply, opportunistic screening, rational drug use, and a real-time information system [128].

This review estimated The pooled prevalence of hypertension at 27.2% over a decade. These finding supports the single-year analysis by providing precise estimates by enhancing statistical power. This review highlighted the burden of hypertension in Northern India (33%) with.

based on multiple data sources, making it a More apt for targeted interventions than a single-year study data. It identifies gaps in underrepresentation of north- eastern states. This calls for More regional-inclusive studies to provide The true figures of hypertension in these zones. Interestingly, this review reveals the prevalence of hypertension in rural areas at 28%, which is slightly higher than the urban areas (25%), demanding specific intervention in rural areas.

Limitation: Although data were extracted from four databases, studies in other databases may have been overlooked. Due to heterogeneity, the pooled prevalence cannot be interpreted as a national average or mean. However, the quality of evidence used in this review is high and robust, providing reliable information on changes in hypertension prevalence over years and across regions. Additionally, exclusion was limited to studies that followed hypertensive patients longitudinally for disease progression or treatment outcomes, rather than those using a cohort design to estimate hypertension burden.

Conclusion

The pooled prevalence of hypertension in India is 27.2% (CI 95%:23.2% – 31.3%). There is considerable regional variation, with the highest prevalence of 33.0%(95% CI: 0.26%−0.40%) in the North Zone And The lowest of 22.0%(95% CI: 0.05%−0.42%) in North East zone. Continuous surveillance is needed to track and manage this disease effectively. The zonal data in this systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate the need for further community-level data to comprehend hypertension prevalence, particularly in the Central, Western, and North Eastern regions.

Our study underscores the importance of implementing evidence-based strategies for effective hypertension management to improve patient outcomes. Further research is needed to address state-level disparities and regional variations in hypertension management to ensure equitable healthcare access and outcomes across different zones. This review can act as a crucial reference to aid in advocacy towards more targeted resource allocation and policy-making.

Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

Abbreviations

AXIS Tool:

Appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies

CURES:

The Chennai urban rural epidemiology study

CVDs:

Cardiovascular diseases

DALYs:

Disability adjusted life years

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

GBD:

Global burden of diseases

HTN:

Hypertension

ICMR-INDIAB:

The Indian council of medical research-India diabetes

KAP:

Knowledge attitude and practices

LFK Index:

Luis Furuya-Kanamori (LFK Index)

MDRF:

Madras diabetes research foundation

MESH:

Medical subject headings

NCD:

Noncommunicable diseases

NFHS:

National family health survey

NPCDCS:

National program for prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and stroke

PRISMA:

Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

WHO:

World health organisation

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  1. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

    Chandra Prabha, Neha Mantri, Rashmi Kaushal, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Nitin Joshi & Pankaj Bhardwaj

  2. Department of Community Medicine & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

    Akhil Dhanesh Goel, Manoj Kumar Gupta & Pankaj Bhardwaj

  3. Department of Pharmocology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

    Jaykaran Charan

  4. Global Health Advocacy Incubator (GHAI), New Delhi, India

    Om Prakash Bera

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Full- text review, Data Curation, Writing of original draft preparation was done by CP. OPB Screened full text, Review of Manuscript. NM Interpretated the articles and abstracts. RK Screened full text, review of manuscript. AKG Conceptualization, Methodology, Screening of articles and abstracts, assessed the quality of each study. MKG Screened Full text, assessed the quality of each study, Manuscript review. JC Screened Full text, assessed the quality of each study, Manuscript review. NJ Screened Full text, assessed the quality of each study, Manuscript review. PB Screened Full text, assessed the quality of each study, Manuscript review.

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Prabha, C., Bera, O.P., Mantri, N. et al. National prevalence and regional variation in the burden of hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 25, 3768 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24766-x

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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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