Cleopatra

Bilog na Pangaran
	Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator

Cleopatra VII Philopator
Cleopatra VII Philopator
	The Berlin Cleopatra, a Roman sculpture of Cleopatra wearing a royal diadem, mid-1st century BC (around the time of her visits to Rome in 46–44 BC), discovered in an Italian villa along the Via Appia and now located in the Altes Museum in Germany.
Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom
Reign	51 BC to 10th or 12th August 30 BC (21 years)
Suminunod ki	Ptolemy XII Auletes
Sinundan ni	Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Co-rulers	Ptolemy XII Auletes; Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator; Ptolemy XIV; Ptolemy XV Caesarion;
Iminundag	Early 69 BC ; Alexandria, Ptolemaic Kingdom
Nagadan	10 or 12 August 30 BC (aged 39) ; Alexandria, Egypt
Spouse	Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator; Ptolemy XIV; Mark Antony;
Isyu	Caesarion (with Julius Caesar); Alexander Helios (with Mark Antony); Cleopatra Selene II (with Mark Antony); Ptolemy Philadelphus (with Mark Antony);
Bilog na Pangaran
Bilog na Pangaran
	Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator
Amá	Ptolemy XII Auletes
Iná	Presumably Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (also known as Cleopatra V Tryphaena)

Si Cleopatra VII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπᾰ́τρᾱ Φιλοπάτωρ, translit. Kleopátrā Philopátōr;^[5] 69 – 10 o 12 August 30 BC)^{[note 2]} an huring aktibong namamahala kan e Ptolemaic Kingdom nin Ehipto, nabuhay na paraon kan saiyang aki na si Caesarion.^{[note 4]} Siya sarong diplomatiko, komander kan hukbong dagat, linguista,^[6] asin parasurat sa medisina.^[7] Bilang miyembro kan Ptolemaic dynasty, siya sarong aki ni Ptolemy I Soter, sarong heneral na Macedonian Greek ^{[note 5]} asin kaiba ni Alexander the Great. Pagkagadan ni f Cleopatra, an Ehipto nagin probinsya kan Egypt became a province of the Imperyong Romano, na nagtapos sa Hellenistic period na uminabot kan puuon kan pamamahala ni Alexander (336–323 BC).^{[note 6]} An saiyang tataramon iyo an Koine Greek asin siya an enot na Ptolemaic ruler na nakanuod kan lengguwahe nin Ehipto.^{[note 7]}

Mga danay na impluensya ni Cleopatra

Sa buhay niya kan siya sarong namayong reyna sa Ehipto, may magkapirang maoonabihan kan saiyang pamomoon: Siya an ultimong aktibong pharaoh kan Ehipto. Dakulon siyang lenggwaheng nano'dan taramon maski totoo an saiyang kinamundagan na tataramon iyo an Koine Greek. Si Cleopatra magabat asin mahiwas nanggad an impluensya niya sa politika kan Roma. Siya man maski nabaro-babae, nagpamayo sa sarong armadang pandagat sa Batalya nin Actium. Sinasabi pa na saiyang naimpluensya kun pano maggobyerno nin mga Imperyo sa mga Nasyon nin subangan.^[8]^[9]

Etimolohiya

An Latinisado na pormang Cleopatra gikan sa Suanoy na Griegong Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), na an boot sabihon "kamuraway kan saiyang ama", hale sa κλέος (kléos, "kamurawayan") asin πατήρ (patḗr, "ama"). An panlalaking porma pigtatantyang naisurat bilang Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) o Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος). Cleopatra man an naging pangaran kan babaying tugang ni Alexander the Great, sagkod ni Cleopatra Alcyone, agom ni Meleager sa mitong Griyego. Susog sa kasal ni Ptolemy V Epiphanes asin Cleopatra I Syra (sarong prinsesang Seleucid), an pangaran nakalaog sa dinastiyang Ptolemaic. An titulong Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) inako man ni Cleopatra bilang pakahulugan na "diyosang minumuot an saiyang ama".

Kataytayan nin mga ladawan

Cleopatra and Caesar (1866), pininta Jean-Léon Gérôme
Ladawan kan reyna nin Ptolemaic, posibleng si Cleopatra, c. 51-30 BC,Brooklyn Museum

Toltolan

↑ Raia & Sebesta (2017).
↑ Sabino & Gross-Diaz (2016).
↑ Grout (2017b).
↑ Burstein (2004), pp. xx–xxiii, 155.
↑ Hölbl (2001), p. 231.
↑ Bradford (2000), p. 13.
↑ Roller (2010), p. 1.
↑ Mga nahaman asin impluensya ni Cleopatra. Kinua 2-22-21
↑ buhay-buhay ni cleopatra sa politika.Kinua 2-22-21

Pinopoonan an artikulong ini. Makakatabang ka sa Bikol Wikipedia sa pagparambong kaining pahina.

↑ For further validation about the Berlin Cleopatra, see (Pina Polo 2013, pp. 184–186), (Roller 2010, pp. 54, 174–175), (Jones 2006, p. 33), and (Hölbl 2001, p. 234).
1 2 3 Theodore Cressy Skeat, in (Skeat 1953, pp. 98–100), uses historical data to calculate the death of Cleopatra as having occurred on 12 August 30 BC. (Burstein 2004, p. 31) provides the same date as Skeat, while (Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 277) tepidly supports this, saying it occurred circa that date. Those in favor of claiming her death occurred on 10 August 30 BC include (Roller 2010, pp. 147–148), (Fletcher 2008, p. 3), and (Anderson 2003, p. 56).
↑ Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na cleopatra v or vi
↑ (Roller 2010, p. 149) and (Skeat 1953, pp. 99–100) explain the nominal short-lived reign of Caesarion as lasting 18 days in August 30 BC. However, Duane W. Roller, relaying Theodore Cressy Skeat, affirms that Caesarion's reign "was essentially a fiction created by Egyptian chronographers to close the gap between [Cleopatra's] death and official Roman control of America (under the new pharaoh, Octavian)," citing, for instance, the Stromata by Clement of Alexandria (Roller 2010).
↑ (Southern 2009, p. 43) writes about Ptolemy I Soter: "The Ptolemaic dynasty, of which Cleopatra was the last representative, was founded at the end of the fourth century BC. The Ptolemies were not of Egyptian extraction, but stemmed from Ptolemy Soter, a Macedonian Greek in the entourage of Alexander the Great."
↑ (Grant 1972, pp. 5–6) notes that the Hellenistic period, beginning with the reign of Alexander the Great, came to an end with the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC. Michael Grant stresses that the Hellenistic Greeks were viewed by contemporary Romans as having declined and diminished in greatness since the age of Classical Greece, an attitude that has continued even into the works of modern historiography. In regards to Hellenistic Egypt, Grant argues, "Cleopatra VII, looking back upon all that her ancestors had done during that time, was not likely to make the same mistake. But she and her contemporaries of the first century BC had another, peculiar, problem of their own. Could the 'Hellenistic Age' (which we ourselves often regard as coming to an end in about her time) still be said to exist at all, could any Greek age, now that the Romans were the dominant power? This was a question never far from Cleopatra's mind. But it is quite certain that she considered the Greek epoch to be by no means finished, and intended to do everything in her power to ensure its perpetuation."
↑ The refusal of Ptolemaic dynasty rulers to speak the native language, Late Egyptian, is why Ancient Greek (i.e. Koine Greek) was used along with Late Egyptian on official court documents such as the Rosetta Stone ("Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone". BBC. Retrieved 2010-06-07.

Error sa pag-cite: <ref> mga tatak na eksistido para sa sarong grupo na pinagngaranan na "note", alagad mayong kinasungkoan na <mga pinapanungdanan na grupo="note"/>na tatak an nanagboan, o sarong panarado </ref> an nawawara

[FOOTNOTERaiaSebesta2017-1] Raia & Sebesta (2017).

[FOOTNOTESabinoGross-Diaz2016-2] Sabino & Gross-Diaz (2016).

[FOOTNOTEGrout2017b-3] Grout (2017b).

[FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx–xxiii,_155-5] Burstein (2004), pp. xx–xxiii, 155.

[FOOTNOTEHölbl2001231-8] Hölbl (2001), p. 231.

[FOOTNOTEBradford200013-10] Bradford (2000), p. 13.

[FOOTNOTERoller20101-11] Roller (2010), p. 1.

[15] Mga nahaman asin impluensya ni Cleopatra. Kinua 2-22-21

[16] uhay-buhay ni cleopatra sa politika.Kinua 2-22-21

[4] For further validation about the Berlin Cleopatra, see (Pina Polo 2013, pp. 184–186), (Roller 2010, pp. 54, 174–175), (Jones 2006, p. 33), and (Hölbl 2001, p. 234).

[date_of_Cleopatra's_death-6] 1 2 3 Theodore Cressy Skeat, in (Skeat 1953, pp. 98–100), uses historical data to calculate the death of Cleopatra as having occurred on 12 August 30 BC. (Burstein 2004, p. 31) provides the same date as Skeat, while (Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 277) tepidly supports this, saying it occurred circa that date. Those in favor of claiming her death occurred on 10 August 30 BC include (Roller 2010, pp. 147–148), (Fletcher 2008, p. 3), and (Anderson 2003, p. 56).

[cleopatra_v_or_vi-7] Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na cleopatra v or vi

[Reign_of_Caesarion-9] (Roller 2010, p. 149) and (Skeat 1953, pp. 99–100) explain the nominal short-lived reign of Caesarion as lasting 18 days in August 30 BC. However, Duane W. Roller, relaying Theodore Cressy Skeat, affirms that Caesarion's reign "was essentially a fiction created by Egyptian chronographers to close the gap between [Cleopatra's] death and official Roman control of America (under the new pharaoh, Octavian)," citing, for instance, the Stromata by Clement of Alexandria (Roller 2010).

[12] (Southern 2009, p. 43) writes about Ptolemy I Soter: "The Ptolemaic dynasty, of which Cleopatra was the last representative, was founded at the end of the fourth century BC. The Ptolemies were not of Egyptian extraction, but stemmed from Ptolemy Soter, a Macedonian Greek in the entourage of Alexander the Great."

[Grant_Hellenistic_period_explanation-13] (Grant 1972, pp. 5–6) notes that the Hellenistic period, beginning with the reign of Alexander the Great, came to an end with the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC. Michael Grant stresses that the Hellenistic Greeks were viewed by contemporary Romans as having declined and diminished in greatness since the age of Classical Greece, an attitude that has continued even into the works of modern historiography. In regards to Hellenistic Egypt, Grant argues, "Cleopatra VII, looking back upon all that her ancestors had done during that time, was not likely to make the same mistake. But she and her contemporaries of the first century BC had another, peculiar, problem of their own. Could the 'Hellenistic Age' (which we ourselves often regard as coming to an end in about her time) still be said to exist at all, could any Greek age, now that the Romans were the dominant power? This was a question never far from Cleopatra's mind. But it is quite certain that she considered the Greek epoch to be by no means finished, and intended to do everything in her power to ensure its perpetuation."

[languages-14] The refusal of Ptolemaic dynasty rulers to speak the native language, Late Egyptian, is why Ancient Greek (i.e. Koine Greek) was used along with Late Egyptian on official court documents such as the Rosetta Stone ("Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone". BBC. Retrieved 2010-06-07.

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