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translate matrix concatmatrix def /Mgmatrix matrix currentmatrix def } bind def /Mlp { 3 copy Mlpfirst { Mnodistort { Mmin dup } if 4 index 2 index 2 index Mlprun 11 index 11 -1 roll 10 -4 roll Mlp1 8 index 9 -5 roll Mlp1 4 -1 roll and { exit } if 3 -1 roll pop pop } loop exch 3 1 roll 7 -3 roll pop pop pop } bind def /Mlpfirst { 3 -1 roll dup length 2 copy -2 add get aload pop pop pop 4 -2 roll -1 add get aload pop pop pop 6 -1 roll 3 -1 roll 5 -1 roll sub div 4 1 roll exch sub div } bind def /Mlprun { 2 copy 4 index 0 get dup 4 1 roll Mlprun1 3 copy 8 -2 roll 9 -1 roll { 3 copy Mlprun1 3 copy 11 -3 roll /gt Mlpminmax 8 3 roll 11 -3 roll /lt Mlpminmax 8 3 roll } forall pop pop pop pop 3 1 roll pop pop aload pop 5 -1 roll aload pop exch 6 -1 roll Mlprun2 8 2 roll 4 -1 roll Mlprun2 6 2 roll 3 -1 roll Mlprun2 4 2 roll exch Mlprun2 6 2 roll } bind def /Mlprun1 { aload pop exch 6 -1 roll 5 -1 roll mul add 4 -2 roll mul 3 -1 roll add } bind def /Mlprun2 { 2 copy add 2 div 3 1 roll exch sub 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b(these)h(last)f(t)n(w)n(o)f(equations)h(giv)n(es)f(the)i(naiv)n(e)f (Ba)n(y)n(es)e(expression)h(for)h(the)h(prob-)600 4590 y(abilit)n(y)k(of)h(a)f(do)r(cumen)n(t)h(giv)n(en)f(its)g(class:)799 4907 y(P\()p Fp(d)931 4919 y Fo(i)959 4907 y Fn(j)p Fp(c)1018 4919 y Fo(j)1053 4907 y Fu(;)14 b Fp(\022)r Fu(\))23 b(=)g(P\()p Fn(j)p Fp(d)1429 4919 y Fo(i)1457 4907 y Fn(j)p Fu(\))1536 4796 y FB(j)p Fo(d)1591 4804 y Fl(i)1617 4796 y FB(j)1533 4828 y Fm(Y)1526 5007 y Fo(k)q FC(=1)1661 4907 y Fu(P\()p Fp(w)1809 4919 y Fo(d)1844 4928 y Fl(i;k)1925 4907 y Fn(j)p Fp(c)1984 4919 y Fo(j)2019 4907 y Fu(;)14 b Fp(\022)r Fu(\))p Fp(:)1331 b Fu(\(4\))p eop %%Page: 7 7 7 6 bop 600 250 a Fs(TEXT)23 b(CLASSIFICA)-5 b(TION)23 b(FR)n(OM)g(LABELED)f(AND)g(UNLABELED)g(DOCUMENTS)g(USING)h(EM)84 b Ft(7)666 532 y Fu(Th)n(us)28 b(the)g(parameters)e(of)i(an)g (individual)g(mixture)g(comp)r(onen)n(t)f(are)g(a)g(m)n(ultinomial)h (dis-)600 632 y(tribution)i(o)n(v)n(er)f(w)n(ords,)h Fr(i.e.)46 b Fu(the)31 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b(smo)l(oth-)600 3063 y(ing)p Fu(.)g(Smo)r(othing) 25 b(is)f(necessary)f(to)h(prev)n(en)n(t)g(zero)f(probabilities)h(for)g (infrequen)n(tly)g(o)r(ccurring)600 3162 y(w)n(ords.)666 3263 y(The)k(w)n(ord)f(probabilit)n(y)f(estimates)1839 3241 y(^)1832 3263 y Fp(\022)1871 3278 y Fo(w)1919 3286 y Fl(t)1947 3278 y FB(j)p Fo(c)1997 3286 y Fl(j)2059 3263 y Fu(are:)806 3509 y(^)799 3531 y Fp(\022)838 3546 y Fo(w)886 3554 y Fl(t)914 3546 y FB(j)p Fo(c)964 3554 y Fl(j)1021 3531 y Fn(\021)d Fu(P\()p Fp(w)1257 3543 y Fo(t)1287 3531 y Fn(j)p Fp(c)1346 3543 y Fo(j)1380 3531 y Fu(;)1424 3509 y(^)1417 3531 y Fp(\022)s Fu(\))g(=)1761 3474 y(1)18 b(+)1904 3412 y Fm(P)1992 3432 y FB(jD)r(j)1992 3499 y Fo(i)p FC(=1)2117 3474 y Fp(N)9 b Fu(\()p Fp(w)2284 3486 y Fo(t)2314 3474 y Fp(;)14 b(d)2394 3486 y Fo(i)2422 3474 y Fu(\)P\()p Fp(y)2584 3486 y Fo(i)2634 3474 y Fu(=)23 b Fp(c)2758 3486 y Fo(j)2793 3474 y Fn(j)p Fp(d)2859 3486 y Fo(i)2887 3474 y Fu(\))p 1612 3512 1457 4 v 1612 3607 a Fn(j)p Fp(V)c Fn(j)f 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990 y Fo(d)1714 998 y Fl(i)1740 990 y FB(2D)1872 779 y(jC)s(j)1852 811 y Fm(X)1854 988 y Fo(j)s FC(=1)1985 890 y Fp(z)2024 902 y Fo(ij)2096 890 y Fu(log)14 b(\()q(P\()p Fp(c)2375 902 y Fo(j)2409 890 y Fn(j)p Fp(\022)r Fu(\)P\()p Fp(d)2637 902 y Fo(i)2666 890 y Fn(j)p Fp(c)2725 902 y Fo(j)2760 890 y Fu(;)g Fp(\022)r Fu(\)\))539 b(\(10\))666 1160 y(If)42 b(w)n(e)f(replace)f Fp(z)1233 1172 y Fo(ij)1333 1160 y Fu(b)n(y)h(its)g(exp)r(ected)h(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(according)e(to)i(the)h(curren)n(t)e(mo)r(del,)45 b(then)600 1260 y(Equation)18 b(10)h(b)r(ounds)g(from)g(b)r(elo)n(w)g(the)h (incomplete)f(log)g(lik)n(eliho)r(o)r(d)g(from)g(Equation)f(9.)34 b(This)600 1359 y(can)19 b(b)r(e)h(sho)n(wn)f(b)n(y)h(an)f(application) g(of)h(Jensen's)f(inequalit)n(y)g(\()p Fr(e.g.)36 b Fp(E)5 b Fu([log)q(\()p Fp(X)i Fu(\)])23 b Fn(\025)f Fu(log\()p Fp(E)5 b Fu([)p Fp(X)i Fu(]\)\).)600 1468 y(As)32 b(a)f(result)g(one)g (can)g(\014nd)h(a)f(lo)r(cally)f(maxim)n(um)2254 1446 y(^)2248 1468 y Fp(\022)j Fu(b)n(y)f(a)f(hill)g(clim)n(bing)h(pro)r (cedure.)47 b(This)600 1568 y(w)n(as)20 b(formalized)g(as)g(the)h Fr(Exp)l(e)l(ctation-Maximization)i Fu(\(EM\))e(algorithm)f(b)n(y)g (Dempster)h(et)g(al.)600 1667 y(\(1977\).)666 1768 y(The)31 b(iterativ)n(e)f(hill)h(clim)n(bing)g(pro)r(cedure)f(alternately)g (recomputes)g(the)h(exp)r(ected)g(v)-5 b(alue)600 1868 y(of)26 b Fv(z)g Fu(and)g(the)g(maxim)n(um)g(a)f(p)r(osteriori)f (parameters)h(giv)n(en)g(the)h(exp)r(ected)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)f Fv(z)p Fu(,)i Fp(E)5 b Fu([)p Fv(z)q Fu(].)600 1967 y(Note)36 b(that)g(for)f(the)h(lab)r(eled)f(do)r(cumen)n(ts)h Fv(z)2040 1979 y Fo(i)2103 1967 y Fu(is)g(already)e(kno)n(wn.)60 b(It)36 b(m)n(ust,)i(ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)d(b)r(e)600 2067 y(estimated)28 b(for)g(the)g(unlab)r(eled)g(do)r(cumen)n(ts.)39 b(Let)2225 2066 y(^)2225 2067 y Fv(z)2267 2029 y FC(\()p Fo(k)q FC(\))2388 2067 y Fu(and)2557 2045 y(^)2550 2067 y Fp(\022)2591 2037 y FC(\()p Fo(k)q FC(\))2712 2067 y Fu(denote)28 b(the)h(estimates)e(for)600 2167 y Fv(z)34 b Fu(and)f Fp(\022)j Fu(at)d(iteration)g Fp(k)s Fu(.)54 b(Then,)35 b(the)f(algorithm)e(\014nds)i(a)f(lo)r(cal)f(maxim)n(um)i (of)f Fp(l)r Fu(\()p Fp(\022)r Fn(jD)r Fu(\))h(b)n(y)600 2266 y(iterating)27 b(the)h(follo)n(wing)e(t)n(w)n(o)h(steps:)600 2454 y Fn(\017)91 b Fu(E-step:)36 b(Set)1168 2453 y(^)1168 2454 y Fv(z)1210 2416 y FC(\()p Fo(k)q FC(+1\))1410 2454 y Fu(=)23 b Fp(E)5 b Fu([)p Fv(z)q Fn(jD)r Fu(;)1763 2432 y(^)1756 2454 y Fp(\022)1797 2424 y FC(\()p Fo(k)q FC(\))1890 2454 y Fu(].)600 2637 y Fn(\017)91 b Fu(M-step:)37 b(Set)1194 2615 y(^)1188 2637 y Fp(\022)1229 2607 y FC(\()p Fo(k)q FC(+1\))1429 2637 y Fu(=)22 b(arg)14 b(max)1801 2649 y Fo(\022)1853 2637 y Fu(P\()p Fp(\022)r Fn(jD)r Fu(;)2110 2636 y(^)2109 2637 y Fv(z)2152 2599 y FC(\()p Fo(k)q FC(+1\))2328 2637 y Fu(\).)666 2834 y(In)31 b(practice,)g(the)g (E-step)f(corresp)r(onds)f(to)i(calculating)e(probabilistic)h(lab)r (els)h(P\()p Fp(c)3350 2846 y Fo(j)3384 2834 y Fn(j)p Fp(d)3450 2846 y Fo(i)3478 2834 y Fu(;)3522 2812 y(^)3515 2834 y Fp(\022)s Fu(\))600 2946 y(for)20 b(the)h(unlab)r(eled)h(do)r (cumen)n(ts)e(b)n(y)h(using)f(the)h(curren)n(t)f(estimate)h(of)g(the)g (parameters,)3375 2924 y(^)3368 2946 y Fp(\022)s Fu(,)h(and)600 3045 y(Equation)e(7.)34 b(The)22 b(M-step,)g(maximizing)f(the)g (complete)g(lik)n(eliho)r(o)r(d)g(equation,)h(corresp)r(onds)600 3145 y(to)32 b(calculating)g(a)g(new)h(maxim)n(um)f(a)g(p)r(osteriori)f (estimate)i(for)f(the)h(parameters,)3308 3123 y(^)3301 3145 y Fp(\022)r Fu(,)h(using)600 3244 y(the)28 b(curren)n(t)f (estimates)g(for)g(P\()p Fp(c)1649 3256 y Fo(j)1684 3244 y Fn(j)p Fp(d)1750 3256 y Fo(i)1778 3244 y Fu(;)1821 3223 y(^)1815 3244 y Fp(\022)r Fu(\),)h(and)f(Equations)g(5)g(and)g(6.) 666 3345 y(Our)33 b(iteration)g(pro)r(cess)g(is)g(initialized)h(with)g (a)f(\\priming")g(M-step,)i(in)f(whic)n(h)f(only)g(the)600 3445 y(lab)r(eled)i(do)r(cumen)n(ts)g(are)f(used)h(to)g(estimate)f(the) i(classi\014er)d(parameters,)3065 3423 y(^)3058 3445 y Fp(\022)s Fu(,)k(as)d(in)h(Equa-)600 3545 y(tions)h(5)f(and)h(6.)62 b(Then)36 b(the)g(cycle)g(b)r(egins)g(with)g(an)g(E-step)f(that)i(uses) e(this)h(classi\014er)f(to)600 3644 y(probabilistically)26 b(lab)r(el)i(the)g(unlab)r(eled)g(do)r(cumen)n(ts)f(for)g(the)h (\014rst)g(time.)666 3745 y(The)22 b(algorithm)f(iterates)g(o)n(v)n(er) f(the)j(E-)e(and)h(M-steps)f(un)n(til)h(it)h(con)n(v)n(erges)c(to)j(a)f (p)r(oin)n(t)h(where)607 3823 y(^)600 3845 y Fp(\022)35 b Fu(do)r(es)d(not)h(c)n(hange)f(from)g(one)g(iteration)g(to)h(the)g (next.)52 b(Algorithmically)-7 b(,)33 b(w)n(e)g(determine)600 3944 y(that)g(con)n(v)n(ergence)d(has)j(o)r(ccurred)e(b)n(y)i (observing)e(a)i(b)r(elo)n(w-threshold)e(c)n(hange)h(in)h(the)g(log-) 600 4044 y(probabilit)n(y)28 b(of)h(the)h(parameters)d(\(Equation)h (10\),)h(whic)n(h)g(is)g(the)h(heigh)n(t)e(of)h(the)h(surface)e(on)600 4144 y(whic)n(h)g(EM)f(is)g(hill-clim)n(bing.)666 4245 y(T)-7 b(able)28 b(1)f(giv)n(es)f(an)i(outline)f(of)h(the)g(basic)f(EM) g(algorithm)g(from)g(this)h(section.)600 4481 y Fr(5.2.)87 b(Discussion)600 4683 y Fu(In)38 b(summary)-7 b(,)40 b(EM)d(\014nds)h(a)1571 4661 y(^)1564 4683 y Fp(\022)j Fu(that)d(lo)r(cally)f(maximizes)g(the)h(lik)n(eliho)r(o)r(d)g(of)f (its)h(parame-)600 4783 y(ters)28 b(giv)n(en)f Fq(all)h Fu(the)h(data|b)r(oth)f(the)h(lab)r(eled)f(and)g(the)h(unlab)r(eled.)39 b(It)29 b(pro)n(vides)d(a)i(metho)r(d)600 4882 y(whereb)n(y)20 b(unlab)r(eled)i(data)f(can)g(augmen)n(t)f(limited)i(lab)r(eled)f(data) g(and)g(con)n(tribute)g(to)g(param-)600 4982 y(eter)f(estimation.)34 b(An)20 b(in)n(teresting)g(empirical)f(question)h(is)g(whether)g(these) g(higher)f(lik)n(eliho)r(o)r(d)p eop %%Page: 12 12 12 11 bop 600 250 a Ft(12)1348 b Fs(NIGAM,)22 b(MCCALLUM,)f(THR)n(UN)i (AND)f(MITCHELL)600 532 y Fu(parameter)27 b(estimates)i(will)f(impro)n (v)n(e)g(classi\014cation)f(accuracy)-7 b(.)38 b(Section)29 b(4.4)f(discusses)f(the)600 632 y(fact)34 b(that)g(naiv)n(e)e(Ba)n(y)n (es)g(usually)h(p)r(erforms)g(classi\014cation)g(w)n(ell)g(despite)h (violations)e(of)i(its)600 731 y(assumptions.)i(Will)28 b(EM)g(also)e(ha)n(v)n(e)h(this)g(prop)r(ert)n(y?)666 836 y(Note)22 b(that)g(the)g(justi\014cations)f(for)g(this)h(approac)n (h)e(dep)r(end)i(on)f(the)h(assumptions)f(stated)h(in)600 936 y(Section)j(3,)h(namely)-7 b(,)26 b(that)f(the)h(data)f(is)g(pro)r (duced)g(b)n(y)g(a)g(mixture)h(mo)r(del,)g(and)f(that)h(there)f(is)600 1036 y(a)d(one-to-one)f(corresp)r(ondence)g(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)i(mixture) g(comp)r(onen)n(ts)f(and)h(classes.)34 b(When)23 b(these)600 1135 y(assumptions)30 b(do)h(not)f(hold|as)h(certainly)f(is)g(the)i (case)e(in)h(real-w)n(orld)d(textual)j(data|the)600 1235 y(b)r(ene\014ts)d(of)g(unlab)r(eled)g(data)f(are)f(less)h(clear.)666 1340 y(Our)f(exp)r(erimen)n(tal)f(results)g(in)h(Section)g(6)g(sho)n(w) f(that)h(this)g(metho)r(d)g(can)g(indeed)g(dramat-)600 1440 y(ically)e(impro)n(v)n(e)g(the)h(accuracy)e(of)i(a)f(do)r(cumen)n (t)h(classi\014er,)f(esp)r(ecially)h(when)g(there)f(are)g(only)600 1539 y(a)31 b(few)g(lab)r(eled)h(do)r(cumen)n(ts.)48 b(But)31 b(on)g(some)g(data)g(sets,)h(when)f(there)g(are)g(a)f(lot)i (of)f(lab)r(eled)600 1639 y(and)37 b(a)g(lot)g(of)g(unlab)r(eled)g(do)r (cumen)n(ts,)i(this)f(is)f(not)g(the)g(case.)65 b(In)37 b(sev)n(eral)e(exp)r(erimen)n(ts,)600 1738 y(the)30 b(incorp)r(oration) d(of)j(unlab)r(eled)f(data)g(decreases,)f(rather)g(than)i(increases,)e (classi\014cation)600 1838 y(accuracy)-7 b(.)666 1943 y(Next)25 b(w)n(e)f(describ)r(e)h(c)n(hanges)e(to)h(the)h(basic)f(EM)g (algorithm)f(describ)r(ed)i(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)e(that)i(aim)f(to)600 2043 y(address)i(p)r(erformance)h(degradation)f(due)i(to)f(violated)g (assumptions.)600 2292 y Fr(5.3.)87 b(A)n(ugmente)l(d)28 b(EM)600 2502 y Fu(This)i(section)f(describ)r(es)g(t)n(w)n(o)g (extensions)g(to)g(the)h(basic)f(EM)g(algorithm)g(describ)r(ed)g(ab)r (o)n(v)n(e.)600 2602 y(The)i(extensions)g(help)h(impro)n(v)n(e)e (classi\014cation)f(accuracy)h(ev)n(en)h(in)g(the)h(face)f(of)h (somewhat)600 2702 y(violated)25 b(assumptions)g(of)h(the)g(generativ)n (e)e(mo)r(del.)36 b(In)26 b(the)g(\014rst)f(w)n(e)h(add)f(a)h(new)f (parameter)600 2801 y(to)i(mo)r(dulate)g(the)g(degree)f(to)h(whic)n(h)g (EM)f(w)n(eigh)n(ts)g(the)h(unlab)r(eled)h(data;)e(in)i(the)f(second)f (w)n(e)600 2901 y(augmen)n(t)h(the)h(mo)r(del)g(to)f(relax)g(one)g(of)g (the)h(assumptions)f(ab)r(out)h(the)g(generativ)n(e)e(mo)r(del.)600 3183 y Fr(5.3.1.)88 b(Weighting)23 b(the)g(unlab)l(ele)l(d)f(data.)101 b Fu(As)20 b(describ)r(ed)f(in)h(the)g(in)n(tro)r(duction,)h(a)e (common)600 3283 y(scenario)k(is)i(that)h(few)f(lab)r(eled)g(do)r (cumen)n(ts)g(are)f(on)h(hand,)g(but)h(man)n(y)f(orders)e(of)i (magnitude)600 3382 y(more)g(unlab)r(eled)h(do)r(cumen)n(ts)f(are)f (readily)h(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable.)35 b(In)26 b(this)f(case,)h(the)f(great) g(ma)5 b(jorit)n(y)24 b(of)600 3482 y(the)29 b(data)g(determining)g (EM's)f(parameter)g(estimates)h(comes)f(from)h(the)g(unlab)r(eled)g (set.)42 b(In)600 3582 y(these)33 b(circumstances,)h(w)n(e)e(can)h (think)h(of)f(EM)f(as)h(almost)f(en)n(tirely)h(p)r(erforming)f(unsup)r (er-)600 3681 y(vised)d(clustering,)g(since)g(the)g(mo)r(del)g(is)g (mostly)g(p)r(ositioning)g(the)g(mixture)g(comp)r(onen)n(ts)g(to)600 3781 y(maximize)g(the)h(lik)n(eliho)r(o)r(d)f(of)g(the)h(unlab)r(eled)f (do)r(cumen)n(ts.)42 b(The)30 b(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(of)g(lab)r(eled)g (data)600 3880 y(is)k(so)f(small)h(in)g(comparison)f(to)h(the)g(unlab)r (eled,)i(that)e(the)h(only)f(signi\014can)n(t)f(e\013ect)h(of)g(the)600 3980 y(lab)r(eled)22 b(data)g(is)g(to)g(initialize)h(the)f (classi\014er)f(parameters)g(\()p Fr(i.e.)37 b Fu(determining)22 b(EM's)g(starting)600 4080 y(p)r(oin)n(t)28 b(for)f(hill)h(clim)n (bing\),)g(and)f(to)g(iden)n(tify)i(eac)n(h)d(comp)r(onen)n(t)i(with)g (a)f(class)g(lab)r(el.)666 4185 y(When)21 b(the)g(t)n(w)n(o)f(mixture)g (mo)r(del)g(assumptions)g(are)f(true,)j(and)e(the)h(natural)e(clusters) h(of)g(the)600 4284 y(data)25 b(are)f(in)h(corresp)r(ondence)e(with)j (the)f(class)f(lab)r(els,)i(then)f(unsup)r(ervised)g(clustering)f(with) 600 4384 y(man)n(y)33 b(unlab)r(eled)g(do)r(cumen)n(ts)g(will)h(result) f(in)g(mixture)g(comp)r(onen)n(ts)g(that)h(are)e(useful)h(for)600 4484 y(classi\014cation)22 b(\()p Fr(c.f.)38 b Fu(Section)24 b(2,)g(where)f(in\014nite)i(amoun)n(ts)e(of)h(unlab)r(eled)g(data)f (are)g(su\016cien)n(t)600 4583 y(to)30 b(learn)f(the)i(parameters)e(of) h(the)g(mixture)g(comp)r(onen)n(ts\).)45 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)29 b(when)h(the)h(mixture)600 4683 y(mo)r(del)e(assumptions)g(are)f(not)h (true,)g(the)h(natural)e(clustering)g(of)h(the)h(unlab)r(eled)f(data)g (ma)n(y)600 4783 y(pro)r(duce)f(mixture)g(comp)r(onen)n(ts)f(that)i (are)e(not)h(in)g(corresp)r(ondence)f(with)h(the)h(class)e(lab)r(els,) 600 4882 y(and)i(are)g(therefore)g(detrimen)n(tal)g(to)h (classi\014cation)e(accuracy)-7 b(.)41 b(This)30 b(e\013ect)g(is)f (particularly)600 4982 y(apparen)n(t)c(when)i(the)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f (of)h(lab)r(eled)f(do)r(cumen)n(ts)h(is)f(already)f(large)g(enough)h (to)g(obtain)p eop %%Page: 13 13 13 12 bop 600 250 a Fs(TEXT)23 b(CLASSIFICA)-5 b(TION)23 b(FR)n(OM)g(LABELED)f(AND)g(UNLABELED)g(DOCUMENTS)g(USING)h(EM)39 b Ft(13)600 532 y Fu(reasonably)23 b(go)r(o)r(d)i(parameter)f (estimates)h(for)f(the)i(classi\014er,)e(y)n(et)h(the)h(orders)e(of)h (magnitude)600 632 y(more)34 b(unlab)r(eled)h(do)r(cumen)n(ts)g(still)h (o)n(v)n(erwhelm)d(parameter)h(estimation)g(and)h(th)n(us)g(badly)600 731 y(sk)n(ew)27 b(the)h(estimates.)666 831 y(This)h(subsection)g (describ)r(es)f(a)g(metho)r(d)i(whereb)n(y)e(the)h(in\015uence)g(of)g (the)g(unlab)r(eled)g(data)600 930 y(is)34 b(mo)r(dulated)h(in)g(order) e(to)i(con)n(trol)e(the)i(exten)n(t)f(to)h(whic)n(h)f(EM)g(p)r(erforms) g(unsup)r(ervised)600 1030 y(clustering.)77 b(W)-7 b(e)42 b(in)n(tro)r(duce)f(a)g(new)h(parameter)d Fp(\025)p Fu(,)46 b(0)f Fn(\024)h Fp(\025)g Fn(\024)g Fu(1,)e(in)n(to)e(the)f(lik)n (eliho)r(o)r(d)600 1130 y(equation)21 b(whic)n(h)g(decreases)e(the)j (con)n(tribution)e(of)h(the)h(unlab)r(eled)f(do)r(cumen)n(ts)g(to)g (parameter)600 1229 y(estimation.)35 b(W)-7 b(e)22 b(term)h(the)f (resulting)g(metho)r(d)g(EM-)p Fp(\025)p Fu(.)35 b(Instead)22 b(of)g(using)g(EM)g(to)g(maximize)600 1329 y(Equation)27 b(10,)f(w)n(e)i(instead)f(maximize:)799 1647 y Fp(l)824 1659 y Fo(c)858 1647 y Fu(\()p Fp(\022)r Fn(jD)r Fu(;)14 b Fv(z)q Fu(\))50 b(=)g(log\(P\()p Fp(\022)r Fu(\)\))19 b(+)1764 1568 y Fm(X)1732 1752 y Fo(d)1767 1760 y Fl(i)1793 1752 y FB(2D)1892 1735 y Fl(l)1950 1536 y FB(jC)s(j)1929 1568 y Fm(X)1932 1745 y Fo(j)s FC(=1)2063 1647 y Fp(z)2102 1659 y Fo(ij)2174 1647 y Fu(log)14 b(\(P\()p Fp(c)2452 1659 y Fo(j)2487 1647 y Fn(j)p Fp(\022)r Fu(\)P\()p Fp(d)2715 1659 y Fo(i)2743 1647 y Fn(j)p Fp(c)2802 1659 y Fo(j)2837 1647 y Fu(;)g Fp(\022)r Fu(\)\))1315 1972 y(+)k Fp(\025)1460 1805 y Fm(0)1460 1954 y(@)1572 1893 y(X)1533 2072 y Fo(d)1568 2080 y Fl(i)1594 2072 y FB(2D)1693 2055 y Fl(u)1766 1861 y FB(jC)s(j)1745 1893 y Fm(X)1748 2070 y Fo(j)s FC(=1)1879 1972 y Fp(z)1918 1984 y Fo(ij)1990 1972 y Fu(log)c(\(P\()p Fp(c)2268 1984 y Fo(j)2303 1972 y Fn(j)p Fp(\022)r Fu(\)P\()p Fp(d)2531 1984 y Fo(i)2559 1972 y Fn(j)p Fp(c)2618 1984 y Fo(j)2653 1972 y Fu(;)g Fp(\022)r Fu(\)\))2796 1805 y Fm(1)2796 1954 y(A)2882 1972 y Fp(:)536 b Fu(\(11\))666 2213 y(Notice)40 b(that)f(when)g Fp(\025)h Fu(is)f(close)f(to)i(zero,)h (the)e(unlab)r(eled)h(do)r(cumen)n(ts)f(will)g(ha)n(v)n(e)f(little)600 2313 y(in\015uence)29 b(on)g(the)g(shap)r(e)g(of)g(EM's)f(hill-clim)n (bing)h(surface.)40 b(When)30 b Fp(\025)c Fu(=)e(1,)29 b(eac)n(h)g(unlab)r(eled)600 2413 y(do)r(cumen)n(t)i(will)g(b)r(e)g(w)n (eigh)n(ted)f(the)h(same)f(as)g(a)g(lab)r(eled)g(do)r(cumen)n(t,)i(and) f(the)g(algorithm)e(is)600 2512 y(the)f(same)f(as)g(the)h(original)e (EM)h(previously)g(describ)r(ed.)666 2612 y(When)41 b(iterating)d(to)i (maximize)f(Equation)g(11,)i(the)f(E-step)f(is)h(p)r(erformed)f (exactly)g(as)600 2711 y(b)r(efore.)47 b(The)30 b(M-step)h(is)g (di\013eren)n(t,)h(ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)e(and)g(en)n(tails)h(the)g(follo)n (wing)f(substitutes)h(for)600 2811 y(Equations)e(5)g(and)59 b(6.)44 b(First)29 b(de\014ne)h(\003\()p Fp(i)p Fu(\))g(to)g(b)r(e)g (the)g(w)n(eigh)n(ting)f(factor)g Fp(\025)h Fu(whenev)n(er)f Fp(d)3462 2823 y Fo(i)3520 2811 y Fu(in)600 2911 y(the)f(unlab)r(eled)g (set,)g(and)f(to)g(b)r(e)h(1)g(whenev)n(er)e Fp(d)2124 2923 y Fo(i)2180 2911 y Fu(is)h(in)h(the)g(lab)r(eled)g(set:)799 3103 y(\003\()p Fp(i)p Fu(\))23 b(=)1061 2986 y Fm(\032)1148 3052 y Fp(\025)50 b Fu(if)28 b Fp(d)1365 3064 y Fo(i)1416 3052 y Fn(2)c(D)1561 3022 y Fo(u)1148 3152 y Fu(1)56 b(if)28 b Fp(d)1365 3164 y Fo(i)1416 3152 y Fn(2)c(D)1561 3122 y Fo(l)1586 3152 y Fp(:)3441 3103 y Fu(\(12\))666 3317 y(Then)e(the)g(new)f(estimate)1511 3295 y(^)1504 3317 y Fp(\022)1543 3332 y Fo(w)1591 3340 y Fl(t)1619 3332 y FB(j)p Fo(c)1669 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(Mitc)n(hell,)j(T.)e(\(1998\).)32 b(Com)n(bining)23 b(lab)r(eled)h(and) g(unlab)r(eled)f(data)h(with)g(co-training.)808 2085 y(In)29 b Fb(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l(dings)k(of)e(the)i(11th)f(A)n(nnual)f (Confer)l(enc)l(e)i(on)f(Computational)g(L)l(e)l(arning)h(The)l(ory)808 2176 y(\(COL)-6 b(T)27 b('98\))p Fc(,)f(pp.)g(92{100.)600 2301 y(Castelli,)g(V.,)d(&)g(Co)n(v)n(er,)h(T.)f(M.)h(\(1995\).)31 b(On)22 b(the)h(exp)r(onen)n(tial)g(v)l(alue)f(of)i(lab)r(eled)g (samples.)30 b Fb(Pattern)808 2393 y(R)l(e)l(c)l(o)l(gnition)e(L)l (etters)p Fc(,)h Fb(16)10 b Fc(\(1\),)26 b(105{111.)600 2518 y(Cheeseman,)41 b(P)-6 b(.,)39 b(&)e(Stutz,)j(J.)f(\(1996\).)72 b(Ba)n(y)n(esian)39 b(classi\014cation)h(\(AutoClass\):)60 b(Theory)38 b(and)808 2609 y(results.)30 b(In)23 b(F)-6 b(a)n(yy)n(ad,)23 b(U.,)h(Piatetsky-Shapiro,)f(G.,)i(Sm)n(yth,)c(P)-6 b(.,)25 b(&)d(Uth)n(urusam)n(y)-6 b(,)21 b(R.)i(\(Eds.\),)808 2701 y Fb(A)l(dvanc)l(es)29 b(in)e(Know)t(le)l(dge)h(Disc)l(overy)h (and)f(Data)h(Mining)p 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b(of)d(the)i(Fifte)l (enth)g(National)f(Confer)l(enc)l(e)h(on)f(A)n(rti\014cial)g(Intel)t(l) t(ligenc)l(e)f(\(AAAI-)808 3716 y(98\))p Fc(,)g(pp.)g(509{516.)600 3841 y(Dagan,)g(I.,)f(&)f(Engelson,)i(S.)f(P)-6 b(.)24 b(\(1995\).)34 b(Committee-based)24 b(sampling)h(for)g(training)g (probabilistic)808 3933 y(classi\014ers.)43 b(In)28 b Fb(Machine)i(L)l(e)l(arning:)41 b(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l(dings)32 b(of)d(the)i(Twelfth)f(International)h(Confer-)808 4024 y(enc)l(e)d(\(ICML)f('95\))p Fc(,)f(pp.)g(150{157.)600 4149 y(Dempster,)e(A.)h(P)-6 b(.,)26 b(Laird,)g(N.)f(M.,)h(&)f(Rubin,)f (D.)h(B.)h(\(1977\).)35 b(Maxim)n(um)23 b(lik)n(eliho)r(o)r(d)k(from)e (incom-)808 4241 y(plete)e(data)h(via)g(the)f(EM)h(algorithm.)32 b Fb(Journal)26 b(of)f(the)i(R)l(oyal)e(Statistic)l(al)i(So)l(ciety,)g (Series)f(B)p Fc(,)808 4332 y Fb(39)10 b Fc(\(1\),)26 b(1{38.)600 4457 y(Dietteric)n(h,)i(T.)g(G.)g(\(1998\).)41 b(Appro)n(ximate)26 b(statistical)k(tests)e(for)g(comparing)f(sup)r (ervised)h(classi\014-)808 4549 y(cation)e(learning)h(algorithms.)35 b Fb(Neur)l(al)28 b(Computation)p Fc(,)f Fb(10)10 b Fc(\(7\).)600 4674 y(Domingos,)28 b(P)-6 b(.,)28 b(&)e(P)n(azzani,)j(M.)f(\(1997\).) 40 b(On)27 b(the)g(optimalit)n(y)f(of)i(the)f(simple)g(Ba)n(y)n(esian)h (classi\014er)808 4765 y(under)c(zero-one)i(loss.)36 b Fb(Machine)28 b(L)l(e)l(arning)p Fc(,)f Fb(29)p Fc(,)f(103{130.)600 4891 y(F)-6 b(riedman,)22 b(J.)i(H.)e(\(1997\).)31 b(On)21 b(bias,)j(v)l(ariance,)g(0/1-loss,)i(and)c(the)g (curse-of-dimensionalit)n(y)-6 b(.)29 b Fb(Data)808 4982 y(Mining)d(and)i(Know)t(le)l(dge)h(Disc)l(overy)p Fc(,)e Fb(1)10 b Fc(\(1\),)27 b(55{77.)p eop %%Page: 32 32 32 31 bop 600 250 a Ft(32)1348 b Fs(NIGAM,)22 b(MCCALLUM,)f(THR)n(UN)i (AND)f(MITCHELL)600 532 y Fc(Ghahramani,)30 b(Z.,)g(&)g(Jordan,)h(M.)f (I.)f(\(1994\).)47 b(Sup)r(ervised)29 b(learning)h(from)g(incomplete)f (data)h(via)808 623 y(an)j(EM)i(approac)n(h.)58 b(In)33 b Fb(A)l(dvanc)l(es)k(in)d(Neur)l(al)i(Information)f(Pr)l(o)l(c)l 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b(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l(dings)35 b(of)d(the)i(Ninete)l(enth)g(A)n(nnual)f(International)h(A)n(CM)e (SIGIR)g(Confer)l(enc)l(e)808 2403 y(on)27 b(R)l(ese)l(ar)l(ch)j(and)e (Development)h(in)e(Information)g(R)l(etrieval)p Fc(,)g(pp.)f(289{297.) 600 2517 y(Lewis,)36 b(D.)d(D.)g(\(1992\).)57 b(An)32 b(ev)l(aluation)h(of)h(phrasal)f(and)g(clustered)g(represen)n(tations)g (on)g(a)g(text)808 2609 y(categorization)20 b(task.)j(In)18 b Fb(SIGIR)i('92:)32 b(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l(dings)23 b(of)e(the)g(Fifte)l(enth)h(A)n(nnual)g(International)808 2700 y(A)n(CM)d(SIGIR)g(Confer)l(enc)l(e)j(on)e(R)l(ese)l(ar)l(ch)i (and)e(Development)h(in)f(Information)g(R)l(etrieval)p Fc(,)g(pp.)808 2791 y(37{50.)600 2905 y(Lewis,)k(D.)e(D.)g(\(1995\).)29 b(A)22 b(sequen)n(tial)g(algorithm)g(for)h(training)g(text)e (classi\014ers:)34 b(Corrigendum)22 b(and)808 2997 y(additional)k (data.)35 b Fb(SIGIR)27 b(F)-6 b(orum)p Fc(,)26 b Fb(29)10 b Fc(\(2\),)27 b(13{19.)600 3111 y(Lewis,)d(D.)d(D.)g(\(1998\).)29 b(Naiv)n(e)21 b(\(Ba)n(y)n(es\))h(at)f(fort)n(y:)33 b(The)22 b(indep)r(endence)e(assumption)h(in)g(information)808 3202 y(retriev)l(al.)27 b(In)21 b Fb(Machine)j(L)l(e)l(arning:)34 b(ECML-98,)24 b(T)-6 b(enth)25 b(Eur)l(op)l(e)l(an)g(Confer)l(enc)l(e)g (on)e(Machine)808 3293 y(L)l(e)l(arning)p Fc(,)k(pp.)e(4{15.)600 3407 y(Lewis,)30 b(D.)e(D.,)h(&)e(Gale,)k(W.)d(A.)g(\(1994\).)43 b(A)28 b(sequen)n(tial)g(algorithm)g(for)h(training)g(text)f (classi\014ers.)808 3499 y(In)k Fb(SIGIR)i('94:)48 b(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l (e)l(dings)36 b(of)e(the)h(Sevente)l(enth)i(A)n(nnual)e(International)g (A)n(CM)f(SIGIR)808 3590 y(Confer)l(enc)l(e)29 b(on)e(R)l(ese)l(ar)l (ch)j(and)e(Development)h(in)e(Information)g(R)l(etrieval)p Fc(,)g(pp.)f(3{12.)600 3704 y(Lewis,)i(D.)f(D.,)f(&)h(Kno)n(wles,)h(K.) e(A.)g(\(1997\).)39 b(Threading)27 b(electronic)h(mail:)36 b(A)26 b(preliminary)g(study)-6 b(.)808 3795 y Fb(Information)27 b(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(essing)j(and)e(Management)p Fc(,)f Fb(33)10 b Fc(\(2\),)26 b(209{217.)600 3909 y(Lewis,)j(D.)e(D.,)g(&)g (Ringuette,)h(M.)f(\(1994\).)40 b(A)27 b(comparison)g(of)h(t)n(w)n(o)g (learning)g(algorithms)f(for)h(text)808 4001 y(categorization.)e(In)19 b Fb(Thir)l(d)j(A)n(nnual)g(Symp)l(osium)g(on)g(Do)l(cument)h(A)n (nalysis)f(and)h(Information)808 4092 y(R)l(etrieval)p Fc(,)k(pp.)e(81{93.)600 4206 y(Li,)35 b(H.,)d(&)g(Y)-6 b(amanishi,)34 b(K.)e(\(1997\).)55 b(Do)r(cumen)n(t)31 b(classi\014cation)k(using)d(a)h(\014nite)f(mixture)f(mo)r(del.)808 4297 y(In)i Fb(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l(dings)k(of)e(the)h(35th)g(A)n (nnual)g(Me)l(eting)f(of)g(the)h(Asso)l(ciation)h(for)e(Computational) 808 4389 y(Linguistics)p Fc(,)26 b(pp.)f(39{47.)600 4503 y(Liere,)34 b(R.,)e(&)g(T)-6 b(adepalli,)35 b(P)-6 b(.)32 b(\(1997\).)54 b(Activ)n(e)31 b(learning)i(with)f(committees)f(for)i (text)e(categoriza-)808 4594 y(tion.)d(In)21 b Fb(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l (dings)26 b(of)d(the)i(F)-6 b(ourte)l(enth)27 b(National)d(Confer)l (enc)l(e)h(on)f(A)n(rti\014cial)g(Intel)t(ligenc)l(e)808 4685 y(\(AAAI-97\))p Fc(,)j(pp.)e(591{596.)600 4799 y(McCallum,)k(A.,)f (&)f(Nigam,)h(K.)g(\(1998\).)41 b(A)27 b(comparison)h(of)g(ev)n(en)n(t) f(mo)r(dels)g(for)i(naiv)n(e)e(Ba)n(y)n(es)h(text)808 4891 y(classi\014cation.)53 b(In)31 b Fb(AAAI-98)i(Workshop)h(on)f(L)l (e)l(arning)h(for)e(T)-6 b(ext)34 b(Cate)l(gorization)p Fc(.)54 b(T)-6 b(ec)n(h.)808 4982 y(rep.)25 b(WS-98-05,)i(AAAI)d (Press.)j(h)n(ttp://www.cs.cm)n(u.edu/)p Fa(\030)p Fc(mccallum.)p eop %%Page: 33 33 33 32 bop 600 250 a Fs(TEXT)23 b(CLASSIFICA)-5 b(TION)23 b(FR)n(OM)g(LABELED)f(AND)g(UNLABELED)g(DOCUMENTS)g(USING)h(EM)39 b Ft(33)600 532 y Fc(McCallum,)27 b(A.,)f(Rosenfeld,)h(R.,)g(Mitc)n (hell,)g(T.,)g(&)f(Ng,)g(A.)g(\(1998\).)37 b(Impro)n(ving)24 b(text)i(clasi\014cation)808 623 y(b)n(y)33 b(shrink)l(age)h(in)g(a)h (hierarc)n(h)n(y)f(of)h(classes.)62 b(In)34 b Fb(Machine)h(L)l(e)l (arning:)52 b(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l(dings)38 b(of)d(the)808 715 y(Fifte)l(enth)28 b(International)h(Confer)l(enc)l(e)g(\(ICML)e ('98\))p Fc(,)f(pp.)f(359{367.)600 844 y(McCallum,)j(A.)f(K.,)g(&)g (Nigam,)g(K.)g(\(1998\).)39 b(Emplo)n(ying)26 b(EM)i(in)e(p)r(o)r (ol-based)i(activ)n(e)f(learning)h(for)808 936 y(text)c (classi\014cation.)35 b(In)25 b Fb(Machine)i(L)l(e)l(arning:)35 b(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l(dings)29 b(of)e(the)h(Fifte)l(enth)g (International)808 1027 y(Confer)l(enc)l(e)h(\(ICML)e('98\))p Fc(,)f(pp.)f(350{358.)600 1157 y(McLac)n(hlan,)e(G.)e(J.,)h(&)e (Krishnan,)i(T.)g(\(1997\).)27 b Fb(The)d(EM)f(A)n(lgorithm)g(and)g (Extensions)p Fc(.)29 b(John)21 b(Wiley)808 1248 y(and)k(Sons,)h(New)g (Y)-6 b(ork.)600 1378 y(McLac)n(hlan,)27 b(G.,)f(&)g(Basford,)h(K.)f (\(1988\).)36 b Fb(Mixtur)l(e)28 b(Mo)l(dels)p Fc(.)35 b(Marcel)27 b(Dekk)n(er,)e(New)h(Y)-6 b(ork.)600 1507 y(Miller,)26 b(D.)e(J.,)h(&)e(Uy)n(ar,)h(H.)g(S.)f(\(1997\).)33 b(A)23 b(mixture)g(of)h(exp)r(erts)g(classi\014er)h(with)f(learning)h (based)f(on)808 1599 y(b)r(oth)29 b(lab)r(elled)h(and)f(unlab)r(elled)h (data.)46 b(In)29 b Fb(A)l(dvanc)l(es)k(in)d(Neur)l(al)i(Information)f (Pr)l(o)l(c)l(essing)808 1690 y(Systems)e(9)p Fc(,)d(pp.)f(571{577.)600 1820 y(Mitc)n(hell,)i(T.)f(M.)h(\(1997\).)35 b Fb(Machine)28 b(L)l(e)l(arning)p Fc(.)36 b(McGra)n(w-Hill,)27 b(New)f(Y)-6 b(ork.)600 1950 y(Ng,)24 b(A.)g(Y.)f(\(1997\).)32 b(Prev)n(en)n(ting)23 b(\\o)n(v)n(er\014tting")h(of)g(cross-v)l(alidation)h(data.)31 b(In)23 b Fb(Machine)j(L)l(e)l(arning:)808 2041 y(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l (dings)j(of)f(the)g(F)-6 b(ourte)l(enth)30 b(International)f(Confer)l (enc)l(e)g(\(ICML)e('97\))p Fc(,)f(pp.)g(245{253.)600 2171 y(P)n(azzani,)42 b(M.)c(J.,)j(Muramatsu,)f(J.,)h(&)c(Billsus,)43 b(D.)37 b(\(1996\).)70 b(Syskill)37 b(&)g(Web)r(ert:)58 b(Iden)n(tifying)808 2262 y(in)n(teresting)37 b(Web)f(sites.)68 b(In)36 b Fb(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l(dings)k(of)d(the)i(Thirte)l(enth)g (National)f(Confer)l(enc)l(e)h(on)808 2353 y(A)n(rti\014cial)27 b(Intel)t(ligenc)l(e)h(\(AAAI-96\))p Fc(,)f(pp.)e(54{59.)600 2483 y(Rissanen,)e(J.)f(\(1983\).)29 b(A)22 b(univ)n(ersal)f(prior)h (for)h(in)n(tegers)f(and)f(estimation)h(b)n(y)f(minim)n(um)d (description)808 2574 y(length.)34 b Fb(A)n(nnals)28 b(of)f(Statistics)p Fc(,)h Fb(11)10 b Fc(\(2\),)26 b(416{431.)600 2704 y(Rob)r(ertson,)21 b(S.)e(E.,)i(&)e(Sparc)n(k-Jones,)i(K.)e (\(1976\).)26 b(Relev)l(ance)19 b(w)n(eigh)n(ting)h(of)g(searc)n(h)g (terms.)k Fb(Journal)808 2795 y(of)j(the)h(A)n(meric)l(an)g(So)l(ciety) h(for)e(Information)h(Scienc)l(e)p Fc(,)f Fb(27)10 b Fc(\(3\),)26 b(129{146.)600 2925 y(Ro)r(cc)n(hio,)g(J.)h(\(1971\).)35 b(Relev)l(ance)25 b(feedbac)n(k)h(in)f(information)h(retriev)l(al.)35 b(In)25 b(Salton,)h(G.)g(\(Ed.\),)f Fb(The)808 3016 y(SMAR)-6 b(T)20 b(R)l(etrieval)i(System:Exp)l(eriments)i(in)c(A)n(utomatic)i(Do) l(cument)g(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(essing)p Fc(.)f(Pren)n(tice)808 3108 y(Hall,)26 b(Englew)n(o)r(o)r(d)i(Cli\013s,)f(NJ.)600 3237 y(Sahami,)350 b(M.,)h(Dumais,)f(S.,)h(Hec)n(k)n(erman,)d(D.,)808 3329 y(&)32 b(Horvitz,)i(E.)f(\(1998\).)55 b(A)32 b(Ba)n(ysian)h (approac)n(h)g(to)f(\014ltering)h(junk)f(e-mail.)54 b(In)31 b Fb(AAAI-98)808 3420 y(Workshop)e(on)f(L)l(e)l(arning)g(for)g(T)-6 b(ext)29 b(Cate)l(gorization)p Fc(.)37 b(T)-6 b(ec)n(h.)26 b(rep.)g(WS-98-05,)g(AAAI)e(Press.)808 3511 y(h)n(ttp://rob)r (otics.stanford.edu/users/sahami/pap)r(ers.h)n(tml.)600 3641 y(Salton,)e(G.)f(\(1991\).)28 b(Dev)n(elopmen)n(ts)19 b(in)h(automatic)h(text)e(retriev)l(al.)27 b Fb(Scienc)l(e)p Fc(,)c Fb(253)10 b Fc(\(5023\),)24 b(974{980.)600 3771 y(Sc)n(h)n(uurmans,)f(D.)j(\(1997\).)35 b(A)24 b(new)i(metric-based)e (approac)n(h)i(to)f(mo)r(del)g(selection.)35 b(In)24 b Fb(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l(dings)808 3862 y(of)38 b(the)h(F)-6 b(ourte)l(enth)42 b(National)d(Confer)l(enc)l(e)h(on)e(A)n(rti\014cial) h(Intel)t(ligenc)l(e)g(\(AAAI-97\))p Fc(,)j(pp.)808 3953 y(552{558.)600 4083 y(Shahshahani,)d(B.,)e(&)g(Landgreb)r(e,)i(D.)d (\(1994\).)68 b(The)37 b(e\013ect)f(of)h(unlab)r(eled)g(samples)f(in)h (reduc-)808 4174 y(ing)28 b(the)g(small)g(sample)g(size)h(problem)e (and)h(mitigating)h(the)e(Hughes)h(phenomenon.)40 b Fb(IEEE)808 4266 y(T)-6 b(r)l(ansactions)29 b(on)f(Ge)l(oscienc)l(e)i(and)e(R)l (emote)g(Sensing)p Fc(,)f Fb(32)10 b Fc(\(5\),)26 b(1087{1095.)600 4396 y(Sha)n(vlik,)421 b(J.,)343 b(&)f(Eliassi-Rad,)423 b(T.)343 b(\(1998\).)808 4487 y(In)n(telligen)n(t)34 b(agen)n(ts)h(for)g(w)n(eb-based)g(tasks:)52 b(An)34 b(advice-taking)g(approac)n(h.)61 b(In)33 b Fb(AAAI-98)808 4578 y(Workshop)c(on)f(L)l(e)l(arning)g(for)g(T)-6 b(ext)29 b(Cate)l(gorization)p Fc(.)37 b(T)-6 b(ec)n(h.)26 b(rep.)g(WS-98-05,)g (AAAI)e(Press.)808 4670 y(h)n(ttp://www.cs.wisc.edu/)p Fa(\030)p Fc(sha)n(vlik/mlrg/publications.h)n(tml.)600 4799 y(Stolc)n(k)n(e,)34 b(A.,)e(&)g(Omoh)n(undro,)g(S.)g(M.)h (\(1994\).)55 b(Best-\014rst)32 b(mo)r(del)g(merging)g(for)h(hidden)e (Mark)n(o)n(v)808 4891 y(mo)r(del)h(induction.)56 b(T)-6 b(ec)n(h.)33 b(rep.)g(TR-94-003,)j(ICSI,)d(Univ)n(ersit)n(y)f(of)i (California,)k(Berk)n(eley)-6 b(.)808 4982 y(h)n(ttp://www.icsi.b)r (erk)n(eley)g(.edu/tec)n(hrep)r(orts/1994.h)n(tml.)p eop %%Page: 34 34 34 33 bop 600 250 a Ft(34)1348 b Fs(NIGAM,)22 b(MCCALLUM,)f(THR)n(UN)i (AND)f(MITCHELL)600 532 y Fc(Y)-6 b(ang,)30 b(Y.)e(\(1994\).)45 b(Exp)r(ert)29 b(net)n(w)n(ork:)41 b(E\013ectiv)n(e)29 b(and)f(e\016cien)n(t)h(learning)h(from)e(h)n(uman)g(decisions)808 623 y(in)e(text)g(categorization)j(and)e(retriev)l(al..)38 b(In)26 b Fb(SIGIR)i('94:)37 b(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l(dings)30 b(of)e(the)i(Sevente)l(enth)808 715 y(A)n(nnual)38 b(International)i(A) n(CM)e(SIGIR)g(Confer)l(enc)l(e)h(on)g(R)l(ese)l(ar)l(ch)i(and)d (Development)i(in)808 806 y(Information)27 b(R)l(etrieval)p Fc(,)g(pp.)e(13{22.)600 930 y(Y)-6 b(ang,)29 b(Y.)e(\(1999\).)43 b(An)27 b(ev)l(aluation)i(of)g(statistical)h(approac)n(hes)e(to)h(text) e(categorization.)44 b Fb(Journal)808 1022 y(of)27 b(Information)g(R)l (etrieval)p Fc(.)36 b(T)-6 b(o)26 b(app)r(ear.)600 1146 y(Y)-6 b(ang,)27 b(Y.,)f(&)g(P)n(ederson,)i(J.)f(O.)g(\(1997\).)38 b(F)-6 b(eature)26 b(selection)i(in)f(statistical)h(learning)f(of)h (text)e(cate-)808 1238 y(gorization.)34 b(In)24 b Fb(Machine)j(L)l(e)l (arning:)36 b(Pr)l(o)l(c)l(e)l(e)l(dings)29 b(of)d(the)i(F)-6 b(ourte)l(enth)29 b(International)f(Con-)808 1329 y(fer)l(enc)l(e)g (\(ICML)f('97\))p Fc(,)g(pp.)e(412{420.)p eop %%Trailer end userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF