code-5d10e55d6cb2/doc/FAQ.txt 0000644 0000000 0000000 00000002654 07423614464 013663 0 ustar 0000000 0000000 2002-01-17 eg
NOTE: This is just a grabbag, most of this should go into
documentation.
Changing HTML layout
Note changes to the files in html take place immediatly without
restart, even when running toundup-server.
Q: Displaying messages not only the summary
A: in instance/html/msg.index
change
to
displays the whole message not only the first line and
prevents the browser from reformatting.
Q: Getting the nosy list picker instead of textfield.
In classic template there is plenty of spcae below the text field.
A: in instance/html/issue.item
At the file top set border=1 to see cell boundaries.
replace
by
remove the last cell in the next four rows, either by deleting a cell
or by reducing colspan.
Q: I wanted to see the issue id (the number) on the issue item display:
A:
In file INSTANCE/html/issue.item change, showed e.g. "(anonymous)"
()
to to see "(
(issue by )
code-5d10e55d6cb2/doc/announcement.txt 0000644 0000000 0000000 00000003436 07423614464 015745 0 ustar 0000000 0000000 Roundup 0.4.0 - an issue tracking system
If you are upgrading please read MIGRATION.txt.
Roundup requires python 2.1.1 for correct operation. Support for dumbdbm
requires python 2.1.2 or 2.2.
Big stuff in this release:
- Use of transactions to prevent partial data commits
- Zope Product front-end
- Nicer, more consistent change message generation
- Several bug fixes and more unit tests
- Much, much more: see the CHANGES file for details.
Source and documentation is available at the website:
http://roundup.sourceforge.net/
Release Info (via download page):
http://sourceforge.net/projects/roundup
Mailing lists - the place to ask questions:
http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=31577
About Roundup
=============
Roundup is a simple-to-use and -install issue-tracking system with
command-line, web and e-mail interfaces. It is based on the winning design
from Ka-Ping Yee in the Software Carpentry "Track" design competition.
Note: Ping is not responsible for this project. The contact for this project
is richard@users.sourceforge.net.
Roundup manages a number of issues (with flexible properties such as
"description", "priority", and so on) and provides the ability to
(a) submit new issues,
(b) find and edit existing issues, and
(c) discuss issues with other participants.
The system will facilitate communication among the participants by managing
discussions and notifying interested parties when issues are edited. One of
the major design goals for Roundup that it be simple to get going. Roundup
is therefore usable "out of the box" with any python 2.0+ installation. It
doesn't even need to be "installed" to be operational, though a
disutils-based install script is provided.
It comes with two issue tracker templates and three database back-ends.
code-5d10e55d6cb2/doc/images/edit.png 0000644 0000000 0000000 00000023350 07423614464 015407 0 ustar 0000000 0000000 PNG
IHDR Z% UPLTE JBBcƵƽ{kΌ֔cƄskZ{{{{RssssZJJB99{{ֽkkkRBBssεcccޭƭ{֔{ΔsΌk΄999Zs111J99{{)))ֽss!!!ތֵkccΌޭkkքޥέƥBk1Zc911!JΔ{kkcZZscc諒քRsJkνBcZ9Zk9ZkZZZRRRkZZƵJJJ{cccRRƽBBBﭽ祌9cƵRks֜s{sZRRRJJ絵c{>- IDATx} u%-MԞ[C\rҊu4fZ6-2$\ 96KδrAWɈƑtBZH˜$W)$u{s{'˛-Û¬ L9~qA@+ #w \k?ss`ε L+7oܹsqWp
2k \W]' ~_[Yyʹ sfbl>k>~>Ǟ19{_y9?ZvܮН/]昹g'o.ܒyC&q]Y\av۟V{#ܱcЮud/s&40p]\zbs'/ݺ'o=qne'o]3O>uog=uk7Y+7/'Z0o>/̙g>ywZǖ-^u/> W~ڱ_5X^מ+[WJ/]6\4]u SO:뗗vo[ډsKκr[/>"*/Υcnҙ'./^>sno~ܙ']|v39qĵ[+JSאa
Ɛ7v_[5..};-o9c<;̵ K] ڙ'6 &<}= \k?8\U2hsOt\GBϱ{:z^*e<
mU3A-cp"ѱ
yp-`VY=T])x˞p-ފf9N
ij|AWo Y [O |B/ob714zoʷYPrQ Lfi 6oK?͂0oL
/4[҅
bJlƎkie"?
j:X͆ V e6 \&S z#o>
mp2 nJ9g7㺵,pi1۶0h,|T`C@O MAcp 9~0\k?ן}mp_G 珜X{^>||$;j>!njmC jzA
oj߹ a}-(& d̵-3*>ό%\wmp=z|_[[' xٯs`ε ̹p~r̊'Jo䏭ĜNӭnE [<=k&x2X3~qyeqSv32?<8ѡQq%WuA [ÕJ/h*ۦ,JIƕMи]^s)+H\AZI+ VF4h\PEk\Un
WPJ-+K_3Ƽ T
%Wި@ךhgבq (\^Fx>eQ#@/iZmsN.WGŤ:q~4m~k?ss *Ջ@r_.d݀ѽ
A"Wrd؉\dY`hP¸;WU"u
(7Tl i`&71YWY=j|c-]vJfq@) x)2={6pɜ^i$'YwO!W ~>%Mk
SF~: ^qc M\jCe sCو{+p?? ܝhl^0Ҙ8z \ :z酿qG/]zۇWW }ҫ/?/ '^r=/7DS\B2zĉ\_t ٗ>ǎg rҿ}Ç/=z}_^:`jc\[%G G z W>~o +gO_9zի. ^x#^8
o?78{=
H呴ug\8 [=z =˻~k+\ݴk?ss@rjc5F{ H8 ss]{`\?i xϚs\k?ss`ε ̹9~06pq5us
c*2M}X.2We 9]mK ZZUq?+X gk[auss`ε ̹9~ =O_# ۉ|c+5kzs ~|mӮ/~Ҙ6W C}G_3?~߹&c3ơC7~ϴXз~>?|o|ſoΚzu߾q77W_?N\oan_pp߬]);Ĝk?:N"C"vS ER$,,vǵκ6`+|F9VAuF
ɤ>W]M??1),vŵ2#IUigD
[9kU0E>YfH 8c$7ڤ"fL~Q28
!sʨ\LKK52p)eTL#)Z,4բNLJL$VnF\
$JQVVc,&꙳py`q\䪈L,*d&*j c*x
H9FBKflĕK("˺~_,؝ c@@Bb$$l֢Y-c8ȣ}+ v
<#NUUkEz,\qx=0ƪo[ņ#Dҋ p8l656$Idؠ c.#Wx ˵:[ȼ5nBLTe_ҩ22YREA1Z('\TEeh_2㽎;E)\AC ܲ('PTUZzJTCkEB TdRIVӠ?7J5lz[;;K͛nl,[`xiH5n x\'qAѡ-u$t5++KKґ z*UڤJ}R=`I *KK˺n$ig{>s=e16}:fڗ y̮VW;kBy}R_.1אmm)>\V[Ѳon~ᄭl LY$(k$Rt \Di;t=/OއL2&%K +r I4$1B)n<#:Q# צ̌ Y1HLdYUa$@3PP)&
UV 'X>;k%uyAȃ2瓖ƞ+p
kd>m* ڂ U:kPW?avTWtV3Lծs`ε .
[,-.Tobw^V2SgVKW-KIL].ʂN$.wvPjwt=$уDy`dŲg~Hպ|l L0.]pu}//]"kہ_3^uTkԔ4\`W\;˨*FV_P:
b:֩dyW{0ԬkE=̪>a-*M($cQm/ɓx}e@+0UA<:SZ&p:+8r,C9\`H _8"9q&:\iL
onȑ+bDhR.~Em ݽ
CPUr:\&K TÍ,T Z+L[BM
0J:THW [. A}vtB{2 JC}&*=-v˺Tm|[uQ[UһSh< LI^ݼNˈ5n[7yosErRA5^ ]Ӻι
X1Y+Ы;XdHo*80Y,YAts mQD2Э4.tYBot p,k݄ d n4>CD ƭRXw4^>Fy|Zh,içDP#зƌ̻Cmp5<SڀD}u˵lF$P\
2#Q !Kue:ճZ4aĤb,0SDM\,uWO&@3͠ 0aZǜ:2+Z
1Wg$0|ƹǘss`ε ̹w#/5#< gfLL0h49~0Zy@_ z s`ε Dmc?^_E5ӏ`_hN#}?OS#/~wO p|Swz>#}?N} fk+ߗYi Yc\3̹9~0\ZԮ `3|18Q7|D `xL+&øRSqUfƛPT9$(Bk@Dĉg cpr)ː,# 3] N2tH1eUT.
|xg섫AXd$#:*Y8 1 \hMqfP& %w%)&2GyLD^u&FSE9rUT+D*$Āʋ
vA1$:)= EW}
c1 C(xL\3j{EJ cCG)0-"7ΐ jFۗMPWdFϼeIp W W !ÕqMA)`; OI9-Ixq&(KYFuӊv wnp]Q
=rV`RQnjsrz*4
aP $Vs!THF3窹a9"d{*@f4T\gɸZf>V:ՃwRJkk)*![NW6r)8ZC'Xe̫ d҅5cn}\AM
: s4V+RrI[FhZ)pE
JEݐn-*L"WTXIDƟ Q /cVQ;*`H" xAȴ`:H9I\z3 :gntwg3W.5d`eJuƆ"˶bHx^BR" eڢ6Q씫9:Y`=$VaWhM=܀$
m^F Ӱەa"N?ԎQ uT%H~ ZxM( "M*K :uQSrE$P\6#wnN} bZ9(O o)BE%1M4i1*qzI\a9ͤ`"4AwHR"M!4C`yZw\1-dTH 65 o)0
4$U;_X5mѾѧm2 'WŵiTNĤ b^AJժh
"fK ;|kQl||6ULu{ aε ̹iru3[UcvUk
|eXSP!9
@E- ΦsYVb"Dc`xIS: LR $FS$$Qz8ɔգ;0RNb*iiZFaF#y;4hJL.IhBe%,\f2&E,5ء)&Ҕ`n-lH
9B1ykL! vьkZ UF+vMY!eDvRB)f 6ÄTL5p(5|Ld>I@ /VӸI
?}Aߘs?5\9zYLƿ cٖW9-'iGD~M07vlΰJ:Ltwɋ:% : 0äu>8J"Q34ajJܝ=`O8e|T<- \Eˠ]@zȵ{0SB Ơ3ڪa Tq2(>l ;pW\u bȭa#u˵.(
m)E+$" oifLQE RN^jm}Jj9Tȵb(-ky lF0O|[ '% %aY,<^n2=kT0s
V3hQD~+fܔ1
nSvM7U*!m)#]Nw>Uœ1jۼ fvMŔ7*%f]=iYQ8k*a@v+kB('CukhK9=h}f%ѩP ]?ή鱼 &jn0B Z.%BcrMٍqgVXA65ke8JUmO(DʶKfYlȸ& ]*Xו,qj. W/q i3#ZjF2:7Q6>xj\~f0[ &~G0-tv s' A/ Z+V]M. )tHxS+<6 L #3 9 GO+
7qvV.XQ~kSig4::bqͲbNBzd$NY lbTEcR54
9)ft#mJH2h!~$V%Xdë̝IA1mM
zj r
4?k3h2 =YeA)FrMV$քvIO6Ȯ``[z]0%x(>X$EH xIa\@m'3P짊lֺ̟r]o$7lQupБ-T ػ F%J 5,! BIDATh08 C5f/ r=VjEN\I֦^l*ӆbEble۪lخ 8$]S4)mo8U&HjLv
u n+ F˪ Rk$ gX6\k?sW 'ǟbWgص#]q
o4VtiLRmf 0"z6[#̦&sn2hҨsS;68X*Vz̥h 'Bs,#
j5:"=&!ѠZ,A?`ZZ) ,K2Qguj$C@R5T)jx m:0havjÔZcg0 G2ʴt(Je)Ec
ܫ'M1wڤ5#\ߨ I.5!ېAFbա&lhuzn!N
e
WYE@4<&3ab yL|<,}y*"!1 U٘M"4ˉNQ,.ʙ7&OILXD
!e$)=F$X$F*Ste ]+ C5FLd@ P1E#Z>0ENE@
OK&8 u"z7Ŭb[|2NPs\/ȵ .Nv,]:86vƠO5،kl* sSZi6.,t0ⷝ1 %'E2ap%M~,nhK
eŔm] U[eѷRyUieE![X2YLdm 8;9\~v#Lw2ItEqgQÇ.i\p.svkmN^\j7Wާ,TmuVu!=S36c̹9~0i
x Tqگ.H7S/ IENDB` code-5d10e55d6cb2/doc/images/hyperdb.png 0000644 0000000 0000000 00000023336 07423614464 016123 0 ustar 0000000 0000000 PNG
IHDR ` l JPLTE ckkcck֥!s{199{{{119)11Zcksss))1!))kkk!!)ccc{{999111ޔZcc)))!!!΄99BRZZRRZ!!JRR{JJRBJJBBJRZcέZZZRRRks{ {JJJ cksBBB便ZZcεƵs{{ss{9BBksskksXO IDATx_VO2v(T) e(XLtth,EYrasq}! I IףVy< %t L'5ļ&|b^Әzļ&|b^OkyM>1'5ļ&|b^OkyM>1'5ļ&|b^OkyM>1'5ļ&|b^OkyM>1'5y/(Zעy-Zעy-ZעI!˺vo6~ܐ|bHݑrëÇgcmx}Stwi}z^{z{yo; N6Ф l|>]mI7Ct̅5:n0mg}8CQ+mn6 ~'
4)b7b!UCoS|N/nK<ƛa܅v!::&l@=zGk$]uM p?x~P
&:{,Ös
bY+Os1܇{SWKG rSFl q\8i$ ; vU6dGe/#D!FHMۅaWG,rPq2ƿmB'>$/ϗghl { %eø{\@/r8ta髟qQJM}iĠ]}Q|
Dx@nZ8LJN*ɱJJ[(>u/1b$ܵ
"fN"kEn& 'f2Okz"ۓ+,ybO]=bL2?qb U^k+
ňU/M& 0LMk_VsFUf\Zԗ0d1|5^Pn7 w}-b< JV%r̥0?^˫Z?(Y4]F%*142:U,9U S%I'5N1-gЯb#y?uwaUf+N2˳F䮿>`S&q:e;`L"{E狼J,TtbT[ 6Ҝd0rBx+!vOL||z\R<
ѱlO.Nss#G;i j .
>k
* xwI;c0r!m'z ~kt^&~J>]cu>8pyKD$NDm5ZS ]UC]pM 's_ Į\pG
k88AYFۭ
m'JX
b h :8b Ûdpz3E/dB\;XWx
8~.keE1m$oX6uLD?0F4|8 taUķo z_( ]W8'Ay4bw`7(]&uEm?U1N,5}GXAgxPWq(\o R_^syd/b ߆/SF|ۧ/}OO0 uPѪQ͛]\{}-ٓ#h|qtWJZl-dǑ/p±ooNm>H즋cz`Ǘ RkIyXv6*@C"*ĉF#FuB5T)5ZhE?ф||c6Ǣ+#&q"IOO#:('Ki&xS@ ĔE _!NU*G}):LBbn&b"3/=q!ɘ:a,$bb pl\|tuX0T
S7t<}%:֮P1V)0!' }n%czDW%3$]Jg3W|198.֝J6 c[&^VXW+2V{1bHrW-4n$TeZ8Qޅ Xɖ i=LDV̢eJDg'u+G☺MWIۈu,e=MDLˈu;Qfe$NT7"f/0lj`ELOKfUĸ^! a$NToDڜ DhKGa*
UItHXRN{DTk TDI'gI4Q&hT8L3 B!N$/lɊN)4$ݢc!($s+I4" ItOt%2$Ve3lyI w^1\l81+:$6Ef>LXD(>8+P= C
#DF)^3Va"a:[Ңc!5Y>TJ͆d乆 h*"ZĨ jZWZ^EuH +( 7ͤ)\V7lqQUm$2bVX iac$X4+VE+!-ZRa$}]1a)$EM )yi1]I1Fki8P+fDK)>dc%kbtE L1'Sgtkm$ibu8BL{ 1!ّI#E=Z1E=x0УU8ӚsUL4&%6b9ItYtgW8HLcĴZuOHH*9өOČg
8;KFpxn0~bB3eS li;1 DQ)>@2
*1ʐL)3fn-I`{yOMl !A|4"U*sT1#g(C> )j|FR&T.\3^oUUIٞTak>fS&_`?Q$ sJJ81d"*k( ȣ K6]a9K `ѓ /
\-2!.K%Lc ~$6U%dm
OZ s^OB"Mtݿ 0D#R^$;ROxDT:U;:U=Y ؠ^gȤ`FXOYNH0\+|fG6
*/dO&0"}bmHJJo%$&x
sѕsOHE`-By*ʈ'$"2:!7:Z {9 C%B tHEdk!cPDxmҴ筞""DM׆PD~ BX|bFӗOLW>1'+ӕÒVE_E#23l I-h#f&ve"5ӁL pl4 [%f%^5йf{.Ȱ .r6 Ys[,g-4X$f):{W L5 Uf5!+ZIYm-Dڸc+bB9`mqh6jogU>k,Dg^U̳,fö,ӄ`Y>^Dn lU/}V:"uk!v 2B:[*Ԭ
u6%jn*1!T*Eb
?xL ,ʏj{]j㪳 cyc W0 z9N!KS6Iw9:LpXgWM,7
bJ2@M>5
Lg֜2_K ]W/Jͺ5!6> cugiEعG2^z#Z1ʷدa*W}t`R"21?^z#Z1*QY}_ :br s˪hĠpT+`G e\ ?U.r F'Z%1wUp⓱OZb{}|'Z11W=mzN jvVMUcrbd][GfoAO'FNJ4Z0\ 1%mu9A ܇/]|lWr6 pb},oM 1e
mw9D=c9K>8]DN\>_)b}dVo2_fkA # /CKr> F'r[qwͶIbnq 'rY
ѳmM\&Q9J5CD\ohL ;OL=TSԓ6\&0˻ wKV+a3 _0KwãW_% s`r,V\B o2L\X@ECn!}t0 3r~09Qk}||gQyr b>vw #+UUgꖪ >.]S7'r1
##z~"7sS{mɮ~"WsHiɿ'r -t!e3/w#10Og?\J,r1Wh[K
fNn#FQ: åaؽ\Gݾ
WV_Wi8>"+smxhI57Nre~"7satup#:W?+ASビmsIy:W?;~b HB@ ZȝĈ`VC<詜@j]D.%ɰSCAtu@PRW?;}`e드bU r'#+ <ҟ$KqrѺ< H=RrD }OGҤ"?(KU:e]K r`EᵔcqKv N&ãK{rZ^7 WP,~iW!wg;vab_6#!+FK>1{e_h'f-}Y%/k~ba_ߺoK>/ H6ֲ%(me-r?14T#vm%f-x3 ѻ )B/6Wst>Dгxk+$og pgcn5O U!>fh#B0 dX{m6JGN]
1:7)>A瑴Q!S6qӵVa#BWq!8*~m1^,R 1+qw9\XKIC(YHI>:A;p2ZH*%6[ n'$mR oxAHGDbY G]\{$v~$
J'% Nnoo r@C3#}WHO!w ^#<[/z0Ғ~9p+[( l:{,/$e:RW):/b ,n @b!kϮ5:L^Pq\8~IHƭ"G2 TN ]H!75Dz8bq&q ~2~:zuq M2o({ sC 0;kijL,q7~ < +>pdy 9(_[qV^oMQV_T~ ϲ1I "[7e}Y%،.oH8xH'Wdz$^Z$FSR#1*/kWe &˴|b^OkyM>1'5ļ&|b^OkyM>1'5ļ&|b^ rk]t+U SkVĂFD~u1~=[[@,ɾ u2!;Vʙ"F,'<6Y&@$Ԕ=pHm-E@lϮʟ$N>[Xxku F[?R#8^#m^**{x1
r
~.o"<>:$. aK2yvxsUmSt|| O ^~Sz O龩j?VP/π>+{''NݯF9翆$Pʸj=D bwxTÅ} IKv+ĺ"81rL&1|sݱc7yzf7˯/Yy;W)P!/
∲ ݾ~! -B e1'5ļ|yF>1'5ļ&|b^OkyM>1'5ļ&NYdrKL
S
,7&
Y&V^>9CԻ XAd
LlEXȾUb 1ҨzGoz(^|)($ EO]o:*K^ u"@OK@aS4v
vey%ùRZ"2҆LJvH{T/% d*qe[pP QmluN m$Ka | 4c %׆å\V.Q \/Q}@& Vcԧ f 6$Y VHaٌQ! %"ڡ,Y| 3ϳ4C$j4r}אlA 81T
In*lGVE9RXIw¥qݩb2
p=@n{6J 妢@_UB6ѐEX&Q XQiBiY16 *b & $T=y8IHE BБX^SV WT4#d+)/-ugJJ9S`XFɝpl]WjXQmA?!A;Ao5
$D'^*_!rVB!\ޏ Ihu-IT 16P 谢&|J<[OHt
5D'r Ju`K
1l͖R:,6yXJgVΰ|b X"60"0`(QHnې
tipU=1^AZgUH$(PKEBǻI*л
|\+&v^mF"g
zte&_&B=M!)-X*(섶QF+ƅd``1886:PحthZIpvn
n+
>N<4XG'YҎt;! LvRRls!huhӐhY7Hy1
"vB4&j*(1 p'0xނz#ɧfd+Ɯ/ qΙ HZ=k؋9P77${@uQSD6!=\7am:]ńJBu͋D5?b DJ2laJ)rfg"wx~@l7^AdM|b^OkyM>1'5ļeZ˰]q IENDB` code-5d10e55d6cb2/doc/images/logo-acl-medium.png 0000644 0000000 0000000 00000011765 07423614464 017444 0 ustar 0000000 0000000 PNG
IHDR J 6\Ν PLTE 19B9 ZB祌JJRkc{c!ZsRޔJ99BsZ1){{Rc 99Bc ckB!{﵄ޜ!J)R 99 c)Z{c9)k{)!ZJ1kc{!ZJJ1k!Rs)B{kZ){J)Bs!Jk{ZJZ)1 {scsk))ֵk!ZJ Zs{{11BZRRRZk !ֵ)!)1)k{J) R9ZZZBJ1Z ZJ {BR!Z RcJZZZZsc1ZZJZZs֔1cB)Z!R! 1sks1RJcR k!֔έ!{skcB{{Rs{ks11B1R)9Jc R!!9Z!cRs))!)JBZs!RR9{B)J!)kcs9ƽBcZs 1!B! kck֭ Z!J!cRBB11)c{ )199֭R)11Rs9k{s!{s99 k1Z)s9J)c{sZ9{Jk cc)kcRsޔz5t IDATx[T. ڐ8¥ RD$XH#h XSĔ)0ī6R|T QUx ) kO~e̙}ޟ}HAS?r: N1 j:'qܵ㜆S';Dn#:Ef Wŧ8Wקd
/i 9g?|51
:"(/$I {0)hL ؍KmXiΤ}}BX4MSIÜZ#"Zzͫ&<=ϙsᄄn7Fv, 0s:!tuz)<)O`bASH n
y|>ʪ cΈuxqB>~E)3!3uzl%8r ,Q𣌑4б/\zG ` %ǎ 8iiAZWFÇ粪 Z4J0!
-3Goq{ *?D3Yo5' ]4Oh_L` ;0f盏yG }P579;x8r0a0̥~_U<}jܫï/_ΰn+{PEA"`_
! x_W^xxIZˊC r
aRzs/&LE*/^re!?Z.kW]J)+\[{پ=\lef<8~ժpf[E^F 12kktA匸wV>>ߟ*(45*ҳ&+}k!vE7q2D n= =1 ϕ
[5xL5}y!l;dn&ǸL9Ύfídӯ)HqN8|v&fB(%G/W2M?SXq ~l 7Ie |_ |j
x9~r`FvBW;pvwS
#JMɖ14E3V * &D^VmP^H^vX)TOEӹGrk/և vtyF55Ck֬Yzhꪪը5xc[23/wՑP!&*f.'*ÂK k&7ɡ_(d#=J5'kn];lv]>\ I]-LQw&)
B$ii0Keܕrkݻ[`-kE w= 6lnj\Ӳ whW_=m ;eb0e$aRCL
lF˲_
\ \(_3PFY? :Mv'>[-w< #JEu-3#藥s宅
ԙ ?BxKD!ꝎjY=Asً~? Xo^
>_3^ A``QQc 6[W)7nNfj:Ob9G;1+ Nou _y } WַПܩ+V:|2<}r2wj^ [O` (@>^ _H G w<ղu#eF |F`،醅;x{ـDVFEF#3 =zbsp
1j,J*\_r/[4ęn4C[vkn KFa-1}2S{L /Iw_r a1 E4E-&I_][58JӷjH6lT\_cs}fR{"/#R FnC$D$ I]x>IgTz3}2O6I$1Q]]><_5YFH""BBBҢL^%!
*uu}QE{-zԽ\'!/-le
{K/[#?Ծ,)2w6z`y$MsAVp[ +Af=#xupѶ0m
Y Ɨi[!. OGJkCSi m}zwPm),_|YVh 7xQ>$+sFy *SS8 =)uυ77 ?>ε<;83rrw|\zS倍7J3DL͌ 'tv Sp ' ;5 Ojx*'C
zƇ2Nr'N#_ >Oz5.d`ξ'UP:P ('`+ΉCxT~s\`>GU؝ȱSfrJ!g+ɓÿH%z]}| oGF}7fA ̞cX'L4JXxH*7/WvShףB:Qa(L{rU؞lؾ-cUz13vwwW؎j8а6!uIi <͛%}Mk!2irl%
=}a:JQ̎C6|H ߽pU1|lzssAAED]Fұ1 `5cd@=G;+/t:]L-Zi 4mutslOO_sc~ӬnK ߭3l1'p疣G)бƱ&oRjL$8e7@))&S+vQMc#=#(U۱B=[*(`MJ$njj،|;G5
>) R.n#(la` Fc6 l麻yx GF.^1zd:s
S 3mXnzџu"ҏ- ޛ SsM z!t%Gb7@DvaA [V̜93fm) 4=S:1 .&;'"a!s"g&ookk wpπfJc#43F %A%%"I)@tϟ?-UR.8T2yڙ !.J
!d.!1HANJ 0CG_RR;Ry !< +Xmlbw* "A">X2p;;FR&
; R1kV322CǙa1DR&x9$ʰJb RL_1[gHaÅ ( ) gP
?> c2 &-a.äm?&xPS'wG s o]NO\"B4Ѵ? kuPM-J IENDB` code-5d10e55d6cb2/doc/images/logo-codesourcery-medium.png 0000644 0000000 0000000 00000005311 07423614464 021401 0 ustar 0000000 0000000 PNG
IHDR J 6\Ν PLTE ckk筭便ccZ199{{{119sss))1 kkk!!)֭ccc{{999111ޔZccssk)))BJR!!!΄RZZ911!!JRRJJRBBJBB9RZcZZZRRRks{!JRJ {JJJ 猌BBBZZcZZRs{{)19RRJksskksާm IDATx횏W VJTlb-6چYKkŵ㾙yۘ ovwX` "{] ~Wߕw%{] ~W
__BL{a{ 17`r!2 JCQ,xIpم;?|gvWPCZV( h3}MQ ǿOn ` y Jw}dm\lp
&h"qbW_ilh0q)C7q}&7gO D@yoTN'$>ݸ) nو _].ۓ2g%/pc(Kfb1iU]₵[*5n.ɔ<&Z@[#%# ~$
"dgY ם)H!xL">
m AuŇT9Ci[U8
<W LˁcBFj_/d(iWr BWaL
"a*YvTR\Dݦ
p"baxgjY 53
N] /fAJ54}28RV+[#Z_( Fvɳ)x7m6`uO}/#x[ 8 Z;/$ ޥ~٧lx,iE[:can.]WDĥ
4O4xw (T͟!ߋ ǸY煛:f7mpQ|hgxq5x6ތޚ;~ jP4 My1Vm)` ^jw Hͳ/a~zS^AMR3+n0ak:|YmS,78jvhM dMAsw!|d`d6xFOըlF?#oBh
dx!tF5 fz
K;;'ا0MrWѧK2<>cژ9KG$QR R^%X5O UpB "D,HB^+b) ®aPJPfC ѐ]Ga_ 1iݲtv7
162ufkM%O{w(O甫=Ȼ-eՕUf|m*]KΥK*˞kY+յZI|y\q 7 "aiqyoTf` ߌ'yi?~i&|ggzI X̟ ˫f_L&GSK
½6?$~7< ~e[Sf : [??߇d|_`жö:sc
t\=LӍY|, ^x~1K&a%Ae$*[W/b>:rվ[hGc ?_V>'ߕw%{] ~Wߕw%2<# IENDB` code-5d10e55d6cb2/doc/images/logo-software-carpentry-standard.png 0000644 0000000 0000000 00000031474 07423614464 023063 0 ustar 0000000 0000000 PNG
IHDR , Jr PLTE ͲO< ӆ߿wggeDCB./,##!Prsq{}}VWUIVXG/U IDATx]{b}RiUJZ-.,A@{N#$Ï
n ǥk5D'@5J`5GXhqt* x^È7U"HᠩB[ XV1.ͳq*u]
BHh+c@ l1Il]q(8-U9$@ U*FbLūM&GߏUEHk@ !`g9.Pզ$!.ĸ5jKHVj]P/F(뢵ʩtg! A!MMa=Th4u3tAX5*S$qynq/" X] ?J,9:k
zE4u5v`5b| $˃EmK]L $Th[rhj4ckʫf,)X,E4ދWI Yb01rU1̳|3ӡ.φBg1g("|D}j?e9# C7Y^ב#_+z[Xh`j+9-ߗwNvKz9XuI 4ꧮ$禑(庖9oM%bHD(/I3"R_})au0QUtjy\ݭV>#쬝2 XNu8gV {zal6;ZeQ Ǫ>uIwgpc
ˋ V>`% ץ㸫%`|? cG:y]5nB(J,uq%b{{P"=tjOmpH|-Yn M96 CֹXJ%XჷFf ;|_BiG\ %5T$ոX́*ilMy4<Z#g L0tz݊uGB<ëbZ&[AeU1Vm#0\X o_qq3
w W7W`VofԈJu enhMwۃ `Cd,^Yi5m#
!X X66ζ.)*U=R`px˫Fym]/.[zUlQjCo +I)ǿ% J#3Ib') % F`VS,YX
x2^AΊ0Io~/NՋC$Ya^VZԇm.+xcѦEFdZЧa[L$3J
|>58N \M%+hmz_VCʂHbt6"tᡤaXK(DOm/LοY_nڷ.)'O^Xރ+1ܔeq<ՉJ`X>Q`ֹ B}!Z]RIԪA.Ɣ5n@ݠ+dU(^!$zAӝ3Z
!U t ڄ$hĪmdx
٧AoMR'>*'PV$jXdғR ӧ
קϔ@G)rrmQ0 ͋ે;p>)?S Eh8X#fU3$ 8Ø$l ^r`{>YQ֣)rk57k90_Zm=H +U1fV>>m$F$"gh W G0-C]b_F
\M* SH싓0pf~ MO.Q3Zoě쎣"A[Ug|f"J8nMEa ,xrv]]کh=>ulLGaJ T֨x0:zYz _Sp~ r>ekYr q4 iގNJBj\*ab9ZHFk\B֯T{=gxl-xB1ɼHū"tH;D)DVWי) k䞋e֝;[`nmc'\hY(Rt{k~(WM>zXGX=$EۻE +{^^~r +jcMR<ãtUjg5Ӱ8_M[ YemgmXrT
֮,H-@\f-IY'̍~軧;KΒ`s ~zKԖ[`QLi,KI=2slm>g%,M bQVk>94M8= ^ >8eFscj39 ݈lz`,eRGaxhӺ<|-!qD)t5P,'1L6ގ/,"jY3Ȍ g-.:
Xb>͉g ?fqQ&I=`LrwtVC(Cxz w`^HvGr1Kl3ŭ_ VxfU M(҂GF31|dZ
}[`EHX*FwJibw`wXxi%H^
wy4JAL+c Vdgr;/4"Mc2P)=X>Xdž;I1hٿ`iH_("xA2=ʶ !`ʹOЏc)3e 15-."L}Tخh7^{iKΚ&`2A
+"]~1a7!Uh3BOцXH|0++*u0M Vse;*6.\`yŨqOX>M}2~*yקk~/;_묎D\
M,yVk
+/Jt\Z>8 &Np%Zִ{$9kTf?w_g^) ʛaX^io h'qm;X. ? N> ,( W`_qkғseHO
e( lEKu j BYz}2 ch[~lrNS/ZFX& Qƞ Kg ,d.0JJ9 w
rZ~Agߴ|N O7ʿ冱i$:zz֣bx7qOg:k.`}֒vPjKS
:dVWg;Cj<~C V/XX-GgyJgC[PIU:Xǰ{=HY"g:U6[&Cfr^ߐ'RÆ\ud>՜ zyv'%ٞ'v,-7ˤX\3J%gboY ` HZ wSh,G#LyOw3tV=[(J+twqT |GvXViuuշۆG\E͇%Ro] :?o7FaY!ꆙ cLhËyFXv
T͆g<9i0X
.ga|N)UQR?L+t/b5!O2lYg rF ] +(G.50>R,\h.&DW8+_v 3Y.f5DwfTP weoDzvwYWOfظk*İh\.bձJo';lM#4d!Ialg*zuU MGZp_xA)a~?i >Ul/Qm7i,R1IXsխ8 ˔ hpWIasޔv1K9Xs4k4G7@oeͮ+#G;HivHxVT,nd }.Pcquuv:X<5 3Lur^U X@ Y LQm1bgd]m7BjDHqY0{ ~z,WMRDAֻ2Z]u 520 dsvdfyé:
y+ "Xf[?U;e0:P@ZVUc,O9fˮ|Ȕ c
d城,rC\,U$:gӧG,]F
F/
*Q?@q֕C]w19Hā'-WZ
O5'Y
bx0_-hS[tAN,fMKjզU!\
ыgˀ)O{0:4odvV3%Aɰz Epu= +IDATLؙVj'Y)gE7 |$y'Jq@I`R c
Q +YRhK"ܬ\+&ܸ fqUkHv_c.5ͪ*F% UE&UU%llUe{J{=GeYpS[|a"okq ac.r| #UiK4L"Srj6VEoh y@"R*
Tސ/RTh$n'Wa|QRYwI<ᝌ5cOrO&gaSR1!Neؗ kY U I
X9qP$;A,Mg Y]1<< :K^[:bWۥク4Y0<ï} 9?R鬦
L%:Oڍ8Uq 5Sn6db+(ΆY>ĪvNcfU]5*YX;OerΒ߷2g/}UAE*}Wp' 6ejZ}V=;vK,q q $0P>U^ I֝VΒ$ic١G(
|M(H& Rd $߰)T#a@!/Spoi9a1"C'//ܧ.&E ,ыgU<7+6:KRȏ#f~\KQ,J 5)URLgUUۭj=;6 .8qۢtDNJTHUgULVeYdRu͓P?sϪ8nqsna+_?`X?(A)3s4/|z73?(cMtWc,o~xsSYM U/`a I Ì7r<(my(z~J nDyv| 7o0?܌Ǘ 0V ,س֞H)Ϗ .Xmx?I_,
GqGz^ ,r{}h\ G x* }7$ӾK~~BĿL XqV0-Cܙz @ ES+³-stL3&E· |~4ԌRkL\3Im#<~7 n5ƴf!
rL42S +WGx $L5pP?ݶM3=BoSc Iq" ρNo`4>K\. 8 \P7a . ?> ?Ga >h !*Rj5lvx7MM=_hC$Rryh e Ob `%=?еMܞӼm2-$;ih8v'`GB
e)bcۣ+aΈØ-ǞV{=EAj-f 3W$i 0z=`n:Z78ajqA ,<߉:{sMcT,7BK$=z,P@i!&5R3x <ʉGcLHR tGw
`X偬$@5w 1X Gf"E
ԏ} 6!wu#`$~ < Mpcx @~HϷ 3AOSt}u1FQPL/\&R>"ͱ0o H]7D\7??x`iڜ jBV6>
B7D4|#'Z{(f\oɝo|XUf;V8NC4Ԑ=~ @r']S*=_@^ě晟g9n.*vs~nnnI9l$ 1H|z¯yIA~$\㯖Q?< *: SpغǛǥK' C/>m }Ǜ bRni)aˈ
M Ժy'I^Fvvi~ t`D {_<'d!nCXx^n*aPX'5m-J:ζ }'hlhU.t6bMHnMAbpxTt`+
Nv Lm bkK7v,U9#%˃]"w|{y@sl^$07v5 {sY$! 0:2XOEX8g?a>R?)!^7ݲo
zms(=,,tم[_)A ~P!k6 < IENDB` code-5d10e55d6cb2/doc/images/roundup-1.png 0000644 0000000 0000000 00000063401 07423614464 016315 0 ustar 0000000 0000000 PNG
IHDR } 0 PLTE 7S ){BF " Df4 B$@# q:+v@1I}}}d{{{/Gwww7RJks{s izzzU >\ppplll
Cd0Ab*ZZZ LLL /FJ)BBB@@@>>> d4N4N/~;X 000@`...>^'&&&G'!Y1'k:%g8.}D BBk*u@ cskF IDATxeGy Xvi*AC؉O
0#;Qh&Ѓр^kڑmtQqZAŃҺ@h?QUߣΩsN{My㫪 6B1 ^xB(Tžb7?HSʬ(" M:_k_<Rl(tjyվ+S9[$H/=O.:о
E اڧȉ~ϒ0=&C}>Kīl)y}k&k 'ԫkHE)D7>YCy<$a-=
! Y&"i]R6.k a
RR>
Ywi)i`>VF 6 $ t$̢ !Uo@`h'`T8/b5m@؋9rA JX[.j`hy<}e,5'wGdQ-ҾOE)gQ c"iם|
¾=c+EF>t跿o \ -¡
E ](Z(Kxj:)>^gǥ߫
Ų`s } :U 3s4mSRdU+"hhkD{lfa(bu"ݶ:χ4}D
N;Wld_cϖJ#`&Z;<)c"ܶ:?~K0`}< ɮmd2&Xn3EZZ.=.yup /ޥ^*T!e_9a 4QRߔxxBu}X{džOf{:OQ;r3Q싐Quג}6̾q}-Ob!> M$ev r AHV5BD ב}C\FX vkWI\"Vx)0Vg;^}ݶ*Ϛp:BXғ]qU}rطaI,F>>JAO1 TAO1 TAO1 T!}gk x7 +M]!AOC4-E%ĦL &,Zj_KaiM^Ίr0u/}هEZΊro4Ju=ja>վ<4寲omѝ;G9nU˨OT/^AO?}
X+G5rܧ/=+&վ6:z|~pppg踈)m46PsV
@!WjCgΕ飗 );a$bq)b"\
~T=oH:hy\[ɲ["rVqY';:8qT˂|Fs%y 7zriq"Qe; ?[ ߺU(_~R
n}q+
Px~+̾Frk~pRЊjC![m>?< =syw̵g}+¾| u~zt&_A#+~h訦B|q{ރRʞ7}w]nu:~-|~D/WQo54=Y=\e;=w4qKQ띂s?SA3C
j n֭; VMG PE^Ю`Pr*] }S7}Ƀ+38 W (vN/Яо[Z4oQ Ŵ2}i_aW
>NwfAW
>USM<%X&ǞYWKg|N_ȜAʸcȾ)wT}w*|#ŀz$dUσLE1bɚR .4 Gnv K~lrTה,ן} 9G_~hK|b_^(_y,7] ~fGg_52VA-yW85sǪN
("߁`o U+jpП}/Hr/Cw6FA6ƶ7i_Ic3.#$vOf d-sr 3kJUN!k5?䆳 ӾB؏}\(GdtŹr2oaQ>R#xeGVi9+/v*璼p`^ *Uϯ4fM1Ŕ9nA#s,ŔXw~uӾ+l
w*}~s}>r sp8w-b_t7Ek׆i_ŋFYاя}W
w~|' XI>4Tnj)>-b۞s5]ǭ$]1O'J)'+ E}\<h >wI>7-b s }%/x]dr¾w=*&>B>Oʉܾ{Wjݿ!ڇn9J(ՓU)h %+2c Ծc>[Lu$WZ^S҉~ ~ OwEsc5nGmg
7 e-^9>o :/ ͚2b9C ξ{ĒKDu,ț6AȫmԾikay߆o _}tԾW
fM!ľ fd⍷!}q M2f9+R
C}W]vM7+{3.?~IڧPD̆f\woA&$S("Wm+~`P Ϊ}!fW߮^Bƙqzڧɾ(T=մvf)\=>>E7HC gPyL>>E7ݬ9Vuż꣕]-d<>>E7+|p\f1wњ^.KѾ 4 xw ]Koe[/@%hSß5cB|ze.KҾ/(6Ⱦw-ynدqYo:(p Mv"WnvykH*\lgnD٧ڧhF3ʯ̸Z/wߨ.'pU}̾G9n)s`X/+_-T]6zކ߅ja}rOO{t ߸v Uz)l >lKЌ,$*ha=7+oE撑TAza^e\Cc!? r":Q[pv}یjiťI }[?ݦ>.rFGξeǵ#TqZ } SutW
rҲ>$vhC0r i\mCWLzgRh
8,omD nK,7WoVKՋ0f-pv =}qc<_8< ܑh9h ӾCRHAԊʾ }uG[5(ka>m C?P/t>/4/v"i^mB^jY<3 {
b }` c?4v>Hd*p )#}o]
}OUStF:6ƪ)+$3Ŧ`<}S{LOE
MRa芁SSTӾPӾ
ūM]%U_^U(*yAO1 B7W(FXn־kLpڧX"ΞīU>QW)TAžuڧX BSS,%*ҹ >Ųbjb9(HWqjbOO =K7jb((wVOO 7mޫ:KYo^ODPO\^=US,!)>t};
E2ٗ}SGNPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tP2+@ڷe ÿ/V}ڷS 5#~k S2_u?$92F\|%KVoQ/?DOJ,/+aD8W^yU=_W&SrFD@,KULQinGѾ _w~O ~쒟w \zQ"*Gx J[\Qo8TV⏊gg #^}/X. jIL9@GE7-UHR *_~ -sť}N<z [}[ݫ}Rٗ /wE:Ԕ)OT=l˵/ a߅ _| k_[(..\S
"j 69*Z~:>IąI/^xSw[?~A{\ P]ﰙmPl8n6|&&3w$N#<){ mokŲ Ɖ~KY6[?o=xwǞϸ/L)e;;:>sj5js ~ve4m{M/])FTpc9*b>"vv
\w/G ĉIZZ&ǎ` ӎL7}2/0]Z r{Kݻ N˧}6s6>z5}! /NJG?w˿Zv 9; |Ÿŋww]m }Cg 4Gmfsp7u7\ ].v}~wcLp5-tPSL>E_GZPS'^yO|>EoT @O\z_y3^O6ڧ艏Ƞv[T[nDzw@}vnZ0^4Єjz`}:,03*~? Ltg>:=_
6|x~??~O Ͼ{፟'
Wo]P% b_+|=Ix_q:?:|{Ղjz#W0K~å_ 7ϛc?' {3v5ڷ ]H E' /U!ew{
z"y_9[tO?O@3+o#?Wo _7 ~l[) s<-udi{Ĥ{KoW_|SN>P^/qeU(9P' 1{$,MUŴԬ*Mkn)nF y÷ }YݻVys=}WO 3'Q6=Md s,\L>GSg3fDF4ڔPUj
)Gje * ./~njgkRK $bTlPZ*KJXSKsuak\>=r.SPG: % sfk ' 4j_E+ VSKsuaCyǛ\/|[|:pcL6L8*L fbq>t~ňj.}+= )F]o/2)0 6W;kڧH¥'_P?
((wVOOш_qo~; ?}oyׯ?H_z>E.}?{z?~s~ݟx3K/(VاڧhBΟ g hcj+^|hZo__O4H:ײgv.Z|3JtnВ>"s *_w=bhue5}Yԗ E[<.
v< e]%c?7~6$ lp0rFwTH[*^"p${Ϳ#1Csͳ)/ ` Ha_ΘF% "þ}͟<0+\Ͽt>حHB}ٌ.c嘔D&k+j3kjM55E +>??oOFY17[}Sv>\ۅ (\c?Bc#kmLRDzN #Ѭꑒ-=hB^gVbYKsD Ʒ~{F<_LY|gg_7"d>x|U.b ?#O
5yNd I#r74֫"Ťc-ߙϿ|t!@s{8|L:w i r,R o)Ka4&Z.L:mj<> ; IDATo>GoC_;b}}f[zg@9@GĿ|.7\`k68^e Ia!J53|3|l:xDF&OZoc~67 p1Jͱ<|sZŶH왂_~cW#@ENcGVyalcJt
&I$lc-ڧXl)}ڧ
E2ٗ}SGNPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSL>tPSLP4JbKY^l)( Fk)z#ځ}ҨA{۸o#[M/K&Brk_
Vߧԣ׆Z]D\`s}ް| `FMn&ùFzЬIg>;% G1hKWB]TC"[T,> R c&^ z Q6;ʾ >>fO}R={ de_l|&> h k2=e%M_灸Nr🄏 ]jlYfu,* ~ZG`8۱< ٵo襫Cn[B{o5OW"rk߳
E2rk
"}[nbڧ}9_cnOu몹`nuUqΝ`}G.U8>dvV>SkǾgֱ~ ݍj_N1ݜoNg}g{O {^mq~6UˏO 7 szRˍK}$έLR%ys^Ų1}%b/TAO1 rkߟ(ȭ}d־ۣX'־Je}oB/S65JMlѿijTÊ*ūTse; fec>3@DĜ[ .C}ᇍ, a &`PGd:˭RE^Ӫ$T & 7)mjFlhŀ܍5r
`kVкVH߰ OkZJq֧Q sن}=?H_61ԚLH^&YFeQAP
.|* "4 D2K\o~/.^nYH?GA[K[G O2G|и+U#e5 +ʼnRS!]a̟Ag + G*dg~mC?ks]O0i%>QW+>_ˍX1s > ` !4#P88f A.t'>|y'c d$}Kľ
rHt8Xݸ&e
^DWu =/
G18e"'g #qe$1:Lѵ^ @\v -0PA]Q<&>O"{(Isrku,Wf z^lkI"3
D61F Lό CyHqe
)e&`p4âHYjXgzLV4eǙڷʀ$kW\k!OՔ7`)9KnkX.SZ;Pd
/j)9Vi 4n-Ц^fjo̲]ڧX-l)V }(tdpMјFyjTӦlq-(6@zjn+2**y`y5v+t)|lی>w8tG9>R
ѓ^^&u2Z
X }L.X{C)EEh"["v k}/)r1r ޣS&} k}[=]Ee_> >ec c7$$ՠ? С
>o#n+]e"iGjCpV}}Kö3e - Sc@/
6<rkBHFn훺=uBnU(-W'-Y6 W9lf3f
4R+heiO~8WvF \eX0cS%Wnɛ[ ÌeH˛Wc[ohg_ 6?(B[ {'J%kBPyFLTM46>g2th yHo6[fe "+Zs< hrL s'D‷`= }CۜhF>;`7Ku8{-ă%da K$m릪'W՚f\q2M_ 7 +CE䉳o!9Y=*ыh" Rq g a8 IWb}g` >@g)(>'2L&D^AEbSLa5sjWe:Q=wE7Pf~찚* >24ǁL\eKoл۲ʾ˟Cl3]}f]78ʾʮ|
Ž<ޅ[^&F]J
rk HkӉEjrٲMy3jX2`lkw J]jy8+W(
NB&c!X0/4YL+=[4`"L4#h_pnk>t(o"LMn>)0qF,7ٷXBT\S υ RO ? oCоx}i1؇l V0@-c M4d X2?u&Ig`[_G";SwX-x'ԏ}ޒ aR{H}(exڣCU^.:y V37 lXq Â>h 0MyY1*eB=U kAЏ Ycy3GJ+lwv EcI) 2Nt=2OϦNV X, 4Q4/ªԍ 8 -X)XPm{X7`jS"M e jզFk_aP߀ժM>jcOAy3J܆5|e@*rƫ:ajM"O4MbooZLbMHFD{Q7*RKkoS, ί}T hH[oYIw{M`_j ٵ~_yv#y b+R&x?}L}J]6[;X` MQQ=.r5ma{b7>e>*e3惙?;* ʙ_gy1}UlwsbAC4Oih y0U} 7 <;A/zѾٌw3^\c9 }p'
`i[qK*du ~/Bicv)K 4qᲘ~m%vm=ᨣw2}iL} 58GA}&c:> оC.,GO=ȣzD0 (hb KR9QN'DWޕ}{ >LK`3s7suom
HL}.e|ER( ɢmX !Z0F^ڌw9VqFc,CZnbbw ܰ OD]:
44X/KpΡ%kY0j1):b-T&r@S[[U([n(PSL7u{>tP umb#msk TX//,
s|Pڗ 1m/SKD3H; oTrc*}fo[GP/3 Gg[SK@c;هcgUr;vϚ~WlȬc>gת}C缊a USL>tȭ}P$#*ȭ}SGNȮ}ׯ_-u,?@ccX@
j(b+8O7JgsȐ N! }! +e8i˾L֗>/8IKƾ$aƒ^Flfߒc zi a% ?Nm8h{=07ձ
b:C}cz]M2k Xk@X
TV?D i®]2(* ~ #k 57;EI;f5'kF \>wv9:HQ{$p
KtVGuI!W,.|g6&NN%}9)mϾ؉:emξSA@dx\ NSi#|Q7VB AVlӥx4]Ez^@ gg9$%Ĩl %ax<9w;}Yil ? ~/[ۜ}}^Sy (*E<}Ь]m;|rI}LJgíS6]3˹Ҝ% aNX) 1G=bgS A2w}n)6̖rs,m&>b3;f>%SwfAflB'@ȧT6 3HDrIj4āuة(USbm&ZSjȯ}&KauHxC,ٵoh9k^)CaunkH 1KnW([nb0af.`UId P e[5i*0VckaZi fʱE\gJ*? G0O l'AZwY3vea.:4ki>g d>*e=/ynqp~q:}OmI>^
6/ѾjcߌoR
@ )ϒطOr3:QJӼĭ * ci ٱ>Ϭ Z؇YG']ٷF`'j
j_xc s#O0}ډ}L5o}Ӹ@s)W\]vrlHl L :$)'b& YW?>Bl @|9i>d>:Z 87
7@:X}LgjHA@9LO3۫k/i wy>8mςoա 7fɂӾ =ucYhbe}ڧX } vX2mqY6R{lpoCs.3hM5ȯ} vXUƧ_NE G/,E~Êؗ\D("aƾ]"a9hC7Jх_{B*`k̘ku]& _Q%kWɯnf~n*>Nm7Sy~u`x
7Q$J7L21Ԃ:Ѿ Vm ##J~ur`DC ' 3"9"Zn?f[ډ`,K"}};ɳ0zm!G,}SEM>p}1( D G=> XX+ؗ>bMXw wX nTO&%>^ >UN=ӆN!M ^<7 -\N&d.;6LdqhөQ`6h_Ȅ%2"
-[gIniYu3kY{9Vp缊DtgOr^N7H1VU:{7vaY1Ѭc]Oȭ}SGNȭ}4\淹v¶9z\f`
?KW4$(cKc_nﴅ}C-Ͼq_ŷ%p
Md_wþ̘TN7;me S G0~`_ﾠ
cuL|g f_`1V!+& %ݞ:5vãh y@of(}8u~y
xrE4p ۑN=~@@(iWg7y>;kb Sw(?b3uJsw}&)(I$u@))
:AoH>9E*ӴqG{8-G\@{1!w
]=Yxx4r-v;
:RK2\=@pA f xvBϳNi;oI}dTI![ENg'n .y4 7p fKet)]&4 ľ%{6ҴL2[NO\, m)N'i)St=aIEMyOiC]I`ӱkEs䪡orAflnX "J/g7PVg[C۳DHFn훺=uBn'噽M,sC λEl7dK33!ɒZnoiw :' |e_Ӄ[2K2?d_긯 Q-}lG⥙2EUl.Zd$ L8_ro ҝ$&vliJ0[Wbbְ5Ek=OȆ3+Y1_uaʈ8v# O'$;P 9y',)+K'HIA`QaǖƼƼ)`Ѣ@,7'F>:pso"?ʳ~s'NB-} !Kl) q"A87GbkN:Fp.TvWrb Lqrg' qIpP f 0?e;@^ZA8}*]g # Fоa:@ٱ/M
|'D=pDGc_Rrd(WðӬ:3, {bt*>p> fK hŸwy
m>άHDnٵe|ξ`l);}tL v4cbܚ?A['~u\~}ªrBkƝ\ᕬȯ} pȭ}Sg˭jcv-ڧ}!7bdl}ʾĺk}a}fz+',hٕV`0fҭCKDׯ'X;f/05ٓ}b;P30F16K}k> 7(yɞ5I1^C2X e`OAn[
Gn훺=uBn@ٿ4~L p5T FS tB k_0t4Ka B@}rk_u^FR.wSٗ`#x5xR D~wX!jݣ0O (57rĆ0%?$F
*zvT h -e\H\?0_ yqho|pJ(|k }j: U) /=BDz-DH}GbN
yDxMX̜- |`^~~P{++M;gJ>G'P>\rhB$N?J>)0qF-*5F`ݮ}Dځ}®`^?aAc2_ ǚ+':+Dl'O;X> X1@==/0%t =u, pw(G} IDATi}HWI62: Sb[;/TxM#Id :EK@-E_VsjK] N[ԋVAF>}3/J{o 0qRdt>vl%
*jNSAlQ7C
vaEjyzjSZg)o#P:ρPE*X15*w}KOi@ sJΌq>|Q^ 4˸Dme k`Lk/@
C}4H: @}#k %Pk;;Gw+}~6g>כz¡x ch Utw Ci|J q wUm&2:s'M
t8"ὑ]og{\Nq*4[(ȭ}SGNA9zQ ̱q7P
]#V0xb1yj043rU_O :ȷL \6w $
I#q}%
MW1Ι80EM3[dBꒋr
:@I+"aVIuϯ}-/POu
ݿj" qcڧ}05rs|;\pSg+yaq5yk_+Ηq{\ lϐ 6V
mbQLyqhաhHIl2/*>hKP1X0kOar DU֦JZ
2$;ac qh y<`@×h26bwXC<;~ }; WGwobkw)"t2՟`Md"%!A_=`^]fw7a1Qp-pW`Z"Q[>1 £Êy5of '4s&-fc>sB!yՌv^݇VI ,v
m["AN%QrF!8=Id4vDX V$$ۊ vr | IDs˼, ƪFA6ʾD~B/<a}
E2rkQFоr:?3~uط;/ FF-sƲ5XlAgֶʆz }ІgVww;MMt;x<\@s`J
\,1 7,^¨WX>&Dk.i²PSha Ѿ}2K臭.r@}CP %fh#ؗT *&vZGO2`=cAF7q7>9c?d }> ge11Aā
܈f
Fڗ!Or /<@@ k]יcYY 'CK5i3ƘV\YDxڋ m$:ޑf?؋g8ƚ HL}.el$gcCJ E|}lǬ /
H 9G|:LT*
q:y';;0{6l:|6o+о 8
x>29Or!)*l} 6}ڷ$d Of }PSL> qxqҡNmվg܂ 4 pmվf+>\_t͔/0IYQ`/ Z
,چL-dX{#8w91q},̅6 }x4(>Jon"6S]oEW?z (A~ Ԏ
#}s1J>1e۪\rmX%C;6";s&+T4$}IM79C3\M־"o( ٵD'iV0a O
HT,1W'0~QBd֑}
5/wb~O ,#IВ0E$0%:h>d`*
RX{T3cxCrF0g tQZ;d*
憰3!* 쎅}u#Y#Z G ?_`avlJz,7-`o0-R3HZ4>3]9aVe0jCN:g1O GcӒ,.mHN{F! '[*|" Lz>}fsx>|, g s%'q'Vm؇,hN,y $DlpDW;aOue_q_ O#>VHb -OZ:
^p}L:H[yjɱj {
ءDݹq çjISqp[0I=).+,}|F,[h=KM%e>>iYtd3u4 CQqq@ -2osĔraD,E
omx-IڧHٵO2ZM% >tPSLj{ |#44: C
)7h }#<.
>&9!'`d xUF}6Aq D$>|@,Dqr>agƜUB;N>;w y!OnPB~ 0hfzL;:"%ʷǶf ?ӒM, ;'Ĵ)exV 5v~B1) hoP$#M :!USE}%dl@Q#sy$!
aFEFоz G>Cit'e[g` A(m jR}fsx0s¼G涢?`!
f"/m#hHYd Yr!Kivyi,HJE}n QWc}@OhlgD&8| # XXٵ*Ef:'bRKF/ālkj70TFR;`@aڧP")PSLBwCHjb:־ۣX')jh0nPnjX(|0 ._bjho`kP?T"n
{^ ls.zM2j7jߨhyWj}٧
: jr@a}c]dU`kz.@O x9bynUAO1 rkߟ(ȭ}{
E2rkQFоEyW ̑Ę@(pUX[}7 04N؆W3 MM @X)ٗ}5} DKA}cD2Y;*iΛQ,Q x*YC Wb,Օ
H && _Z ՕkS Gl6ñd aua @u kSE̲G\6mnh w}6ak ( PY_9c$0#,KXksb,>;Dž}jUg 0>hojOP6}6
hk"g )g-Q%oOYtbR>Os"W\\ _q ?0J: gp'r,&9O6/3k kf\g_fLR ڳZ2#T0ri\fogL?PG`3"m֛j+oվ>XՁjb:)ڗê:aC^]ܐ^z &õkp
q' 8ʄڗ*XF1eb!=
j
}" h>ʾ叏ImH2#%X۳J eBͰ("8p<HX`Rjn|ٟP;clλ*;c 6j-,a]#h*a]ֻ#6[] ZpS46[G6kMxݦ+m_1]Y>_
X\nr]t㓮tGտo5p%ʾHD۲B0VFĢ]
`l&ڬz`dєwK(g_jȤk0 #k֗kxA; . u=wazGޮaEMbv.Umwd"U+ޤ]&XaϊoٷFR+y+hɽy+U. VW$$3] #;7 yط' !Dc0+4p'FvĪ$,X/&X{Zf>ar/W {G'cߞ0 BȶmE:扰V1nlJ}Y^;:?~Fy
W}O}@}^i91mUfv׳ [ѱ6&Tr!n vZ}TN+ t
J^z>? -ȯcXi9]mUd
k.M eMW
t"˺TuR#{67DbʡU I8\Oo3y.v/b /mh74Ev8> c^ bee^)jb:}
OCx F6[teF>dCrٗ0x
|U>ٷd(]]s+I>+F tެTpoW`m^4H<\^lhȋUcì=˘3oJ`ʾ "}+ ӹ r R R&
祕F42xCavX V ?bۣ
oo/Dޞ{E^9= Ie~*ˡZ2/ rb,>u,ob VhD=}(9>Z@ԔQ+jﰊ+"}i C%e շgȮ}]*bqdgwуEn wE*5
I}r
y]h 8|I*Eĝٵj 1l
6/JSGuʷ*E,Q,E(10E~sXȯ} LժA ʾVj [8]jn:V6cc;OJSFоn%phzqFYX-L2h/,
B ;y07%aM+¾h
h_ V{}5ox!;T d[ǐ7 5H>=G`M!qh_ VE}eu1 ?^$v|\Wǐuy VoUK+qLaŽgo|Y0 .؇DI7}x.ȋ/i ;X'R>`) va&!6}6j%vX%Ke7}zG V,'}{Ԧ;VO8!/k_ Vb ^+ H1ov+6Qtf3ط;: VtQܞ @dvGq6{5:usm*ZμYg}S@ٷ wȭ}
E2rkQFоr ;3nu0*: 虼cٌY]{$%zޱYG_ J0#Wo3v )e>a_0cS%BocD"|fcP6`5ؗ7o7@ Bvfy.m
=yNT 8wsX~kvY dWX*ԈT~i"{Z7RG Avt2þc}ϥ
?ӯs']g
صO&1.
=84ׅeO K'\*>C.}f&ۥuP.1 CM , 2pFI[:ұy%] `Iz"Pr`,W>?aY:} ]Zp,`. dQ59}~ fk_lt>?F}샛}L@8x'3a\mEɩ sE&dˮ kyh/ ;ǝSC]T.)a1 4G|Wq`8ftJN.1<@x4 sD]3K ԗīY/Ђ-% kIDK_mڷy "9*}1J\ |IDATڗ6: l_,eW^n)FB8w劽nSt%jh/]W8Bn褖nCKoݔ<0V]I.ҵ"u<\I{; Q,
G
,y "yξqe^}fF c_I+5UbXd=wԾuGd Y4%][ub-Y+f ՙ V-E5]raY}]K97#X=+odQQy9C4ŦHҙ} ߚٷUEF\qC1lRK~>K:n[.'&+> ^
TG2;7axf&`a^b>[PhB /O<W2ڧX"J+P bb9(}}ոUbI8*KzB1 mwb_@5s)V mwLJq++q;: .*3|([bq#d_P*Y _xᅃ#eX8o*ޕ;R_/dj;@76}ظR [W8{?zQ
d߱U3k WR ՃȾ+~5}}vQ\7.6}dž|}|iW*+̏쐵 ɾ~GN궶i +WMy ;ʾQ+E ٞeվ~y5T
du 6֚k>VTek}vYRT /-/UBр6 >b0$SLB4{MX"R | UP
!g}>g}>5C A>_>
\}_$ sŞck}
k0 Z7`!
5o|Ch
Bk0Z7`^Lt쥗 dt#udK_ڵ^ޅ( }R [RX -cKw
ݾ^ {pWC8vrݺ+T|le pkwu^ڏRXtҭ>c[)3ҽ+{7F?rWN]zx@|6dLw_SN +tV|C^ܫ.ߊ_鏑~>//?Eؾykw{>_}g \_~ }{ySnv[9yI=\&t=F(+pPc'~*kWܭ lOӏ {Տ_P|;=~_:(cr>H{]0o$*6H7JN{6l,9)݈dƍ%{J"={ƉyyyyǎI7m+9
~h%uqXf >jJR(;n?ӏ秣0
]w]-*5cEW籒PRRAI@`V ?zLhr)w7<jU }Cᤴ$(e߰7RX
t+F0?7ބ-qr_ 6wnO`w
;{ nv %DձcΏRaUw77܉`>|r|ElH_"A\b ٓWQrBZ"-ِw? _I6 ݰH%y_lpR*!MQDY֗ ߌ 2 }Ì<ػ_~ʳ`FEzfܯa[n]^fϞ
"/1++N9"'={
0;7C0`Hj ieN!D"=w'^x /oId-չ 4ʗ_E/OW~S@g~/_{OKݰ}|o"?ŝ9|ne-1`=ÄdcƓ ғ'|# 3f)fT=`qJ6z`ZrK6ܟWSٓW@X)]=1OZ;]R')tQdDá-fX_y?}ӯ<l/G~g ˻(/S#VS~_Rfqu^|W_ܿx "G0K{U h㻁HJ|
OZ d4>"捇Aѫ B
K@!\w?9xIƍ s |죒
g%y
? 2xjdU*g_}{Q߱[闏LG#H?wK Woy;^;y,\v0
*.tvo;yzJQ!n8YB1@Ǥ 9[G^z(d/p!`\`{|E|Jhe Ѕ@(V'*Һ]
ߦdU5skt-F7*Di
U!w
rpnϧt_5W`0>111>X"*vM3ؾ5WAjh(˃5K`^*|wsj*)oI}__fߵ
opJu+$A&ɽʈ~Kj;lWi.'\{!«s0dr*BYI|ƙxFvW fǝiU&%:aM(T/1 X'gWy|!v "?#DCoR7e50Jh)B'![ ސ_^N;!Lt)Xpn{JmXNIMZ1r_kۅe*|{92j%s[5|Y2#qI)l 0K"*9Z:^\ztDٴ6 Hr(j'6`QCٚ߮ JJ-(yhOT:}6gbJOV远Pf+>nχav3 N|\X^0]h%qeAեa;DHh$ 6 Bx%sT֘AϸmA;ʫC`֜ 3`.WR0gs6`kc`F&94!
#SŻJ:IRLN>ߍaBm't͐EY=.ʲr0`]R9?j ćl( ]绣0C
f>:yS\NAX'60FFCB3m uiyQiCF))iQmᄠGLk%|(נ'qqe`QHìvn.ƍ+JPR? *p`3W cFŲ0/;``
}!0a5C;)У *قB CZ G6q 9F64%\%Ԏ rk0Ƿ&^MUf"gr s0 r"s`S҆E^2 ȏAІ^E(
# .pPMA[7ZAh&F fR1Z:g]v\dk1s\⯮*Py,qqmWXyhaqWXSͅ0W^k0Wrbܲлѕ3q Cզm4
;}ʉ65 :'6gn1 2,_ٍx]r|_ :.qq ѩVDȭ<9r.JB :D >[vIwa6tXhE
"\sء Z}(X\YMͅ} ϹOp5i|8 0q%:/s1'xaMBqtz8
eJߒg %YFR.cǐī#j' t-c+ʱHqgVBvph3*zBkwa|7noU܉\G n>A̙ƷbA O |·gQ:*}B UqC5
Vw;FD;碞|!ΧFrkA綷rJOB ZA?D>e<*wg &s0SgA0^ br藞 /kƇaFl0eb; YY#l p8hk' A_v
mbe9l&ԩVh+//,/p1_fg3n><f 3`N]f ' #hm\Á-,p[}gm\npl-8(N1 5m5Bnffښ]l/1~bftAT0:uuSZhlAl
$9ݭvw+uN_ aF=>!hłmmBX9
s1t;jBBH܆a?;)Ą0L!m4>`[s]lpi6mBt<
E5 gl QY-/*r55`bPN`x
309 q H)||)vO}h* X6; {Wo4nz
fgcn #v . 9>DD
_ (1',x>,Iq Z5Xpn;,=Z%JpkrK
PX6Dl+A dR k5|ʔ% ZG"s{ [T"Ol
R
``A-
1ny EO ntKYN t_p aRR.:A ǖtQؓX*! Gץjzs܄HD9Mԉ+zEI} )A4P=q&#TtHrVT>)4<{IoO7 wSLw|ӧpUg도 _Yv?2/L+j#=F|bݽ mڱ]ʁMHu]\1~?̿Ma]j4W0Qٯ +˕ b` T>:^!#w=MGx(<}[~ew ȿȿPv_{w3WT^yrA+_\M];} |~ 8 s_ 3+ <3G}(ȕRڱpt0ݻ `/=n3/~0 ~qyǑݗ zj |fM wOU0߫fUO 9r gm2.ݕ\~P +b42]ʯ M4+S͎ raǑ /ߕ̿aJf?͗=^0{Uih~ 4n샟]-j3P랺ru>t }!f 7#GVS]x+`. { JHJG.ĩ23? gwU)Ԯ/L Z ʚě
hab|vvk{v[Gb_^?At,Rr\$U'+oio[_B0V__QM-*Moi]|?Ry0o@m/p[C.p[ZETя>iil`1i?FKS{^ȥ&32
Ԥ 1r2\dZ*ŀJrl w eK2{=#?ԚQfM
/ѝW18#CH n W>-L!˚+`2 z i,g9# 24O5y{
FYOW(UW2)^PY'ͷ}`bS{ƠWfv0b0sȡ!@џ#" R1k&ұ FP9/V+Ҏ0Sr1 `uȂ 泺z"C
*(..` ~fqAx4q74*^c@ }yI1/8V2DfXY,N5x HE?A0AqYAsP}A,VUd3V\V\z& '
s p1 e z-0zA+ Ҽ)̡b?I%04LNC Wz8VQ8w\VuuBZcnLs) 3(QPȩ?7CyVVK1O'EsdW tPoo/#Y,:,MSi ioqn(&?KV72G IKR Hŝs^o&Y2`L 2MP LqfoPژxc9F5RJi^4iۛff / c{+( "F^텴_hAZm }TٜR| fKTBV5ȔjS)ir0Ռ4s}Y
ԁxey@_(ƚC9ԥUfF5(8IRE$RPbBS\gz@I9Y!B9c6ZƀaZ&\O*~߫)c^<2rRM^f&{L
^\BQKfBO)9?9E=lY%Is# I fb%ʌVT>BQ~A&R@WrD^$f4qPP ڛ&jN#E`a7@͊zQA5p(fTW9߫ \ĐV{(*K)Oy\NCl>G\LJ"/,~/D 'Ոm5Q,%9XQ*H(Hch Q{`T 1`fXIŽ0$z-0NJZěY
3!wC{ @_j/XX1 CLB9DP>#A.|B5Q;HNм9K4P@/1]
IDAT C@04ZGfzhFA=҅2ά
LK2C
z0zl-""A揪Q?- Tzźbѻn^QE5YpJ[ۿD mqԙ-&sv yo0{)L] CNN= ,X Rv;טW"J땎
j똊h tK?T.khQk`leUh{`.vR(Zi\Wh0
f}XDiC2HZ3ЪyoW+c I9_4; u
215{SƆ92~^ +UN8|oJ5Gs0,@!S1:DI]D}ID DŠ̴ⴴHbtJ]EBC cZ7nZC\hTA4'\!T0 i뉖|)o,EN'xǏ > |r++kI}]ZH}_S1at' (~ H]U G8 3q\m X&Q8ZBMliF,!Z yԕ'=J qf< %P-&5N@U0wwdHwp ;thP8-?X[SXɩ/uHvCK QoToP \Lci!gXY. ,O ~^ 8 sgŀ8PZgBv`}ȍڎP؉37F&{},eMכBwaf =$\zNu[;t譭[.ԅKls(H oj=
!>d
xFu8Sst9 XH}!LWq0r"$ SЁb4 $i.aQB¡Wx, jj Щ/ 7 v.
۱ $8G9(9 mG5LXēT n7xrv "Z8f@cjǖ_}Of8vE1d(6nFyKA^`#vrv(RA tP`1yфp;&+>9xv1`S9) -7M<#L+y+#Txri뿏8@f9Gb1xzQg2 H7a!T4(1VsZ_A 70 UlѬa*[xF1 >7#.g`.7 s:fĊ8\Ɍ-8.v "<;bepxYgr`10ue sE̓d0 9
Y#f1ԥS +xP79cPQ cZQX98CDwTM9:`]
ގL:
> nxAC\Lx,]σ(TfqAڸDw O.։>%0s$3
RezL4 Y ,[l Ht9{2X,f oaq L>G A@-33 z0a"͠"&p,[ ,&0:||EPbLjǠ(bY})g2γѲ1T, `
Mz$f u<5O'
l;e7PBܥ uV|ϗ Xz@gkq }8EAyjOƱ|=nTa`Yn8&UnQQ>Ws039TP 80
9}9P
xq8r3U,ɄPl28AbL*XTzCUX@_
*q_9L<]*S.Q`s,|~҃j;5FW^b=|DUx5G 54-}1Z,tc5ʠ"AOl5gSy\8Pu\TÈ6~XyyasG5
V;?T zhK
l|Sa.{T`0cjaYݨCQ0"0ۍl3R? }F{ ۠ϳt-௨1#lBBg N03ts<67 #djaCzy@'
uС8]pGBq n07pv3;džJ8Eg =p^7y.3*}-K 8V\ h!pܺzMDSvTd} ,=q0 D92xY7& 6- <]a|Gf| `n͛Lͪ|V L=Ys-sz]&x aT<^\?q ̇@
x(0͛LzFr6I 49پ95h.urphq\/JOW^c/m`BOe kIYEF#2lhqLQAmӡ\>`,fv9ȍ 4gU hcP
9D
>:gGl1 ⴢ( =: Fc+e4Q|`8 {[/ l}2jNnNVc".v^>nR 11 .a^q\gSmXQZDg@eLHm MWXM
"i1Ւ χy_UR`28z
W_E1;TA>XݡSoUEFAe ۱v:A Gll=t4<C'GOP[ J-0=L(f2FĆއ ` dt٬I7˓frJ'pnn`76Hm1c8n% 8P3ky*ܾcusP`rLSC8j3fy[f9hjj}d6pl L'8СCqxlQ&f[f @ *Sf8; ʤ
lvUMf]?sGq p#n& qԴ?}5G f]Ѿ>p3 Z-xy /+lqv=h&4BGA@
=uK ^߂ Ͳ-
=A~
t]^E͆p %r!VJ z
& Tu\.g"WmНGG` ]'1g -| XZ"ńg P;i bB>ّ3; {a?[9.*lIGN7OKEYal_5I~MHw@Ve
l0UB C'bWӦlJ_MP
6~Κes6[~'G3߁9۸r3Ht;nwYwknmB>Z~ !nu`mr>hs; :.$o2k03]x%v'b72*˹2ho# Λ D+㑁1i3f> \~ Z\vSf~
Wԭ`?ZD N xo"0-9FIIw\ Pn.˥S'C~]RnHkՉI_'7r$Y|_SyոŲz<1~b4X!ee=F>1zrY,%*ˊ-'VjEZMlܮhZҵJJ,1WF.]VMCyso3cAFO>'?1OrQ߮q:N
j c wA
לqȃP8\\j/%ֱ.D;ϐуZCFq NTK.]q#w-!Ś *(IbI'+@uMj=]q 9mh=.d*f2,0) DTX%5.hRӥ%~i!a
.DuuXN~
"qcmVK7E`(֊ǭ Jj/@.j-RL8ZuQ$ .VF]K=P,=P7tV,Ҋ" GZHOFԸй+B"% vk%I*5Y;?y Pr;'VY;%- Wg4bVKQ֯s%J2ofv1\ah Ťw*̋yr^+fjÜg0'Ie5k"/dvՊ
ZR*e2
yl̤%.k 0$3JRae2⮲I&Y⧺q!1YfR+c"LtI2VzQǡq3\k4I4hs!=UjՙL3.Vf%VVQI\1HU05cZk> ]lyqzg MNt}DPi8 ! 0Kĝhp8ϿYGD_GT?]Y G!ǹY0;molg?(: 7oˢԎ)Y! BGߒW泟?)ԩGO;_C ?G-eSH·ef@THFm3T[gǷb(! ։M H$G|+^ozpy
̿O|Q0y4pL o$^é3 懓:&d$ttfg$' oiڒ53QQ15eKچgR;RnN&fSGnHHr&kHpa!@%k*#un:s_
欇+-IjDrgLu$%v$6uʶ |32œۣA :l òP:4\P*4vv&tM
u1=b+L 1:2Eؒ +Mt=`r8L4 cVabdD¾Uz4Ub$wttt&uDRRB' ixpm~Y zOҽ}PԬ[BaprTSI[JK$
SJֱib8GTױgɅRe u&p[6H?N Cᦙm#=uu=.p/'Rv$luNd4tȒdpk+M . hz"y_gViDpB}#uY=۶fxE xO f|l;痔`INMN.LIN%ؒl 3䋤&R
Rd3I} DgTr
V S3I'2s: ɝOOoy7l|w¹te4PBg("X鬩 Q7:9
љpuVjKHnbfWy)ħ3~(moa=Px ?>Gs
:o͠|- I[K$ОTGTOiFgOFhr32Rm[öuf:
3l3uufF㖤 Osti-agb0i[G]VB'A=3Q.#)c"ilL*NK@TSSu
ÎatS0Q8aX]
n@j39FӶxO~۟Sy)57''LXHp,)i[l[JC2`^@H;*J sb+
ƣD O=zwޟ==S~YOjOO6t:
73(#5RTԬ_eLJ':lT eӶn_<4pHHVRiVaV0ºJN%T30SY 3#=YLLmYS京*6q8t805N4#ZO ♬:ppSVag"oic8'#+ bHFViRVj)(ַyEn""J'o *6uKXo*(Z>-ir
[b;ͤV疇Eku*2SW>Ԋg afֻk .d, hjG2-K(iD o6H觛y mEg9o \4-q_GF ^{o.yoe}^]=Ŧޞ CyYHFJ+^nE|kFoA?^CCo5hE]e;Q>^CQoYCލ[ksb2OOxԛr4Gexo?fx4.Kxƥ7= r\ p7X"B^ä"HϘVMZۥru- g㱈,]EeR `Z4V&Wc\DSE.8b g`x4( Lv5HsH\'˪]bm#8Z0ÿ
0?\ܽeIvDIF;) .brԊч$
E$bt)rEDaM{E"Lq1VH
"adԊ,Z"%Z eLDZd|P֥1DLhܣa&63ӫ1jQ~q#S^kW22-! 8AW_ `P'_|e4 ŵ9 0p Q" rCX8:P%8{>ZD_["mרkX>07`47dM=%Z Qّ\iBl:)Za8IfT?N $Hs|̧gglUW_]?6`N#Q"\ v'
H:x.:T8y Q& 4ւĢh3qRF־fFyA N\0%恡auMh~nDlF8eP\r g88BTqiDܰET:U~))#5OzQ ?B?Sq IENDB` code-5d10e55d6cb2/doc/implementation.txt 0000644 0000000 0000000 00000003340 07423614464 016272 0 ustar 0000000 0000000 Implementation notes
====================
[see also the roundup package docstring]
There have been some modifications to the spec. I've marked these in the
source with 'XXX' comments when I remember to.
In short:
Class.find() - may match multiple properties, uses keyword args.
Class.filter() - isn't in the spec and it's very useful to have at the Class
level.
CGI interface index view specifier layout part - lose the '+' from the
sorting arguments (it's a reserved URL character ;). Just made no
prefix mean ascending and '-' prefix descending.
ItemClass - renamed to IssueClass to better match it only having one
hypderdb class "issue". Allowing > 1 hyperdb class breaks the
"superseder" multilink (since it can only link to one thing, and we'd
want bugs to link to support and vice-versa).
templates - the call="link()" is handled by special-case mechanisms in my
top-level CGI handler. In a nutshell, the handler looks for a method on
itself called 'index%s' or 'item%s' where %s is a class. Most items
pass on to the templating mechanism, but the file class _always_ does
downloading. It'll probably stay this way too...
template - call="link(property)" may be used to link "the current node"
(from an index) - the link text is the property specified.
template - added functions that I found very useful: List, History and
Submit.
template - items must specify the message lists, history, etc. Having them
by default was sometimes not wanted.
template - index view determines its default columns from the template's
tags.
template - menu() and field() look awfully similar now .... ;)
roundup.py - the command-line tool has a lot more commands at its disposal
code-5d10e55d6cb2/doc/index.html 0000644 0000000 0000000 00000134533 07423614464 014512 0 ustar 0000000 0000000
Roundup: an Issue-Tracking System for Knowledge Workers
If you would prefer the scripts installed in somewhere other than
/usr/local/bin, add "--install-scripts=<dir>"
to the command:
python setup.py install --install-scripts=<dir>
The command:
python setup.py install --help gives all the options available for installation.
The following instructions assume that you have installed roundup. If you
haven't, you may still proceed - just preface all commands with "./"
ie. "./roundup-admin init".
We'll be referring to the term instance a lot from now on. An
instance is
a directory in your filesystem that is where all the information about a
live issue tracker database is stored. The data that is entered as issues,
the users who access the database and the definition of the database itself
all reside there:
Hyperdatabase This is the lowest component of Roundup and is where all the
issues, users, file attachments and messages are stored.
Database schema This describes the content of the hyperdatabase - what fields are
stored for issues, what user information, etc. Being stored in the
instance, this allows it to be customised for a particular application.
It also means that changes in the Roundup core code do not affect a
running instance.
Web Interface The web interface templates are defined in the instance too - and
the actual CGI interface class is defined (mostly using base classes in
the Roundup core code) so it, like the database, may be customised for
each instance in use.
Instances are created using the roundup-admin tool.
To initiliase a new instance, run roundup-admin init. You will be
asked a series of questions:
Instance home directory
Schema to use
Database back-end to use
Administration user "admin" password.
You should also think about whether there is going to be controlled access
to the instance on the machine the instance is running on. That is, who can
actually make changes to the database using the roundup-admin tool. See
the section on Users and Access Control for
information on how to secure your instance from the start.
Roundup is configurable using an instance_config.py file in the instance home.
It should be edited before roundup is used, and may have the following
variable declarations:
MAILHOST
The SMTP mail host that roundup will use to send mail
MAIL_DOMAIN
The domain name used for email addresses
ISSUE_TRACKER_WEB
The web address of the issue tracker's web interface
The email addresses used by the system by default are:
ISSUE_TRACKER_EMAIL - issue_tracker@MAIL_DOMAIN
submissions of issues
ADMIN_EMAIL - roundup-admin@MAIL_DOMAIN
roundup's internal use (problems, etc)
In some installations (e.g. RedHat 6.2 I think) you'll need to set up smrsh
so sendmail will accept the pipe command. In that case, symlink
/etc/smrsh/roundup-mailgw to /usr/local/bin/roundup-mailgw and change the
command to:
|roundup-mailgw <instance_home>
To test the mail gateway on unix systems, try:
echo test |mail -s '[issue] test' issue_tracker@your.domain
Setup 2: As a regular cron job using a mailbox source
Set the roundup-mailgw up to run every 10 minutes or so. For example:
Where the mail_spool_file argument is the location of the roundup
submission user's mail spool. On most systems, the spool for a user
"issue_tracker" will be "/var/mail/issue_tracker".
Setup 3: As a regular cron job using a POP source
To retrieve from a POP mailbox, use a similar cron entry to the mailbox
one:
10 * * * * /usr/local/bin/roundup-mailgw <instance_home> pop <pop_spec>
where pop_spec is "username:password@server" that specifies the roundup
submission user's POP account name, password and server.
This software will work through apache or stand-alone.
Stand-alone:
Edit roundup-server at the top - ROUNDUP_INSTANCE_HOMES needs to know
about your instance. You may also specify the values for
ROUNDUP_INSTANCE_HOMES on the command-line using "name=home" pairs.
roundup-server [hostname port] (hostname may be "")
Load up the page /<instance name>/index where
instance name is the
name you nominated in ROUNDUP_INSTANCE_HOMES.
Apache:
The CGI script is found in the cgi-bin directory of the roundup
distribution.
Make sure roundup.cgi is executable. Edit it at the top -
ROUNDUP_INSTANCE_HOMES needs to know about your instance.
Edit your /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf and make sure that the
/home/httpd/html/roundup/roundup.cgi script will be treated as a CGI
script.
Re-start your apache to re-load the config if necessary.
Load up the page "/roundup/roundup.cgi//index" where
instance name is the name you nominated in ROUNDUP_INSTANCE_HOMES.
To use the CGI script unchanged, which allows much easier updates,
add these directives to your "httpd.conf":
On Windows, write a batch file "roundup.bat" similar to the one below
and place it into your cgi-bin directory:
@echo off
set ROUNDUP_LOG=c:\Python21\share\roundup\cgi.log
set ROUNDUP_INSTANCE_HOMES=Default=c:\Python21\share\roundup\instances\Default;
set ROUNDUP_DEBUG=0
c:\Python21\python.exe c:\Python21\share\roundup\cgi-bin\roundup.cgi
By default, roundup automatically creates one user when the instance
database is initialised (using roundup-admin init). The user is "admin" and
the password is the one you supply at that time.
If users attempt to use roundup in any manner and are not identified to
roundup, they will be using the database in a read-only mode. That is, if
roundup doesn't know who they are, they can't change anything. This has the
following repurcussions:
Command-line interface
The data modification commands (create, init, retire, set) are
performed as the "admin" user. It is therefore important that the database
be protected by the filesystem if protection is required. On a Unix system,
the easiest and most flexible method of doing so is:
Add a new user and group to your system (e.g. "issue_tracker")
When creating a new instance home, use the following commands
(substituting instance_home for the directory you want to use):
Now, edit the /etc/group line for the issue_tracker group so it includes
the unix logins of all the users who are going to administer your roundup
instance. If you're running the web or mail gateways, then be sure to
include those users in the group too (on some Linux systems, these
users are "www" or "apache" and "mail".)
E-Mail interface
Users are identified by e-mail address - a new user entry will be
created for any e-mail address that is not recognised, so users are
always identified by roundup.
Web interface
Unidentified users have read-only access. If the users database has an
entry with the username "anonymous", then unidentified users are
automatically logged in as that user. This gives them write access.
*** anonymous access and the ANONYMOUS_* configuratins.
Adding users
To add users, use one of the following interfaces:
On the web, access the URL .../<instance name>/newuser
to bring up a form which may be used to add a new user.
On the command-line, use:
roundup-admin -i <instance home> create user
username=bozo password=bozo address=richard@clown.org Supply the admin username and password. roundup-admin will print the
id of the new user.
Any e-mail sent to roundup from an address that doesn't match an
existing user in the database will result in a new user entry being
created for that user.
To add issues, use one of the following interfaces:
On the web, access the URL .../<instance name>/newissue
to bring up a form which may be used to add a new issue.
On the command-line, use:
roundup-admin -i <instance home> create issue
title="test issue" Supply the admin username and password. roundup-admin will print the
id of the new issue.
Any e-mail sent to roundup with the subject line containing [issue]
will automatically created a new issue in the database using the
contents of the e-mail.
specify the issue tracker "home directory" to administer
-u
the user[:password] to use for commands
-c
when outputting lists of data, just comma-separate them
Command Help
commit
Usage: commit
The changes made during an interactive session are not
automatically written to the database - they must be committed
using this command.
One-off commands on the command-line are automatically committed if
they are successful.
create
Usage: create classname property=value ...
This creates a new entry of the given class using the property
name=value arguments provided on the command line after the "create"
command.
display
Usage: display designator
This lists the properties and their associated values for the given
node.
export
Usage: export class[,class] destination_dir
This action exports the current data from the database into
tab-separated-value files that are placed in the nominated destination
directory. The journals are not exported.
find
Usage: find classname propname=value ...
Find the nodes of the given class with a given link property value. The
value may be either the nodeid of the linked node, or its key value.
get
Usage: get property designator[,designator]*
Retrieves the property value of the nodes specified by the designators.
help
Usage: help topic
commands -- list commands
-- help specific to a command
initopts -- init command options
all -- all available help
history
Usage: history designator
Lists the journal entries for the node identified by the designator.
import
Usage: import class file
The file must define the same properties as the class (including having
a "header" line with those property names.) The new nodes are added to
the existing database - if you want to create a new database using the
imported data, then create a new database (or, tediously, retire all
the old data.)
The command will prompt for the instance home directory (if not supplied
through INSTANCE_HOME or the -i option. The template, backend and admin
password may be specified on the command-line as arguments, in that
order.
See also initopts help.
list
Usage: list classname [property]
Lists all instances of the given class. If the property is not
specified, the "label" property is used. The label property is tried
in order: the key, "name", "title" and then the first property,
alphabetically.
retire
Usage: retire designator[,designator]*
This action indicates that a particular node is not to be retrieved by
the list or find commands, and its key value may be re-used.
rollback
Usage: rollback
The changes made during an interactive session are not
automatically written to the database - they must be committed
manually. This command undoes all those changes, so a commit
immediately after would make no changes to the database.
set
Usage: set designator[,designator]* propname=value ...
Sets the property to the value for all designators given.
specification
Usage: specification classname
This lists the properties for a given class.
table
Usage: table classname [property[,property]*]
Lists all instances of the given class. If the properties are not
specified, all properties are displayed. By default, the column widths
are the width of the property names. The width may be explicitly defined
by defining the property as "name:width". For example::
roundup> table priority id,name:10
Id Name
1 fatal-bug
2 bug
3 usability
4 feature
All commands (except help) require an instance specifier. This is just the path
to the roundup instance you're working with. A roundup instance is where
roundup keeps the database and configuration file that defines an issue
tracker. It may be thought of as the issue tracker's "home directory". It may
be specified in the environment variable ROUNDUP_INSTANCE or on the command
line as "-i instance".
A designator is a classname and a nodeid concatenated, eg. bug1, user10, ...
Property values are represented as strings in command arguments and in the
printed results:
Strings are, well, strings.
Password values will display as their encoded value.
Date values are printed in the full date format in the local time zone, and
accepted in the full format or any of the partial formats explained below.
Input of...
Means...
"2000-04-17.03:45"
2000-04-17.08:45:00
"2000-04-17"
2000-04-17.00:00:00
"01-25"
yyyy-01-25.00:00:00
"08-13.22:13"
yyyy-08-14.03:13:00
"11-07.09:32:43"
yyyy-11-07.14:32:43
"14:25"
yyyy-mm-dd.19:25:00
"8:47:11"
yyyy-mm-dd.13:47:11
"."
"right now"
Link values are printed as node designators. When given as an argument,
node designators and key strings are both accepted.
Multilink values are printed as lists of node designators joined by commas.
When given as an argument, node designators and key strings are both
accepted; an empty string, a single node, or a list of nodes joined by
commas is accepted.
When multiple nodes are specified to the roundup get or roundup set
commands, the specified properties are retrieved or set on all the listed
nodes.
When multiple results are returned by the roundup get or roundup find
commands, they are printed one per line (default) or joined by commas (with
the -c) option.
Where the command changes data, a login name/password is required. The
login may be specified as either "name" or "name:password".
ROUNDUP_LOGIN environment variable
the -u command-line option
If either the name or password is not supplied, they are obtained from the
command-line.
Index views may be modified by the following arguments:
:sort - sort by prop name, optionally preceeded with '-'
to give descending or nothing for ascending sorting.
:group - group by prop name, optionally preceeded with '-' or
to sort in descending or nothing for ascending order.
:filter - selects which props should be displayed in the filter
section. Default is all.
:columns - selects the columns that should be displayed.
Default is all.
propname - selects the values the node properties given by propname
must have (very basic search/filter).
The subject line of the incoming message is examined to determine whether
the message is an attempt to create a new item or to discuss an existing
item. A designator enclosed in square brackets is sought as the first thing
on the subject line (after skipping any "Fwd:" or "Re:" prefixes).
If an item designator (class name and id number) is found there, the newly
created "msg" node is added to the "messages" property for that item, and
any new "file" nodes are added to the "files" property for the item.
If just an item class name is found there, we attempt to create a new item
of that class with its "messages" property initialized to contain the new
"msg" node and its "files" property initialized to contain any new "file"
nodes.
Setting Properties
The e-mail interface also provides a simple way to set
properties on items. At the end of the subject line,
propname=value pairs can be
specified in square brackets, using the same conventions
as for the roundup set shell command.
explanatory message given in the exception.
Message content
Incoming messages are examined for multiple parts:
In a multipart/mixed message or part, each subpart is extracted and
examined. The text/plain subparts are assembled to form the textual
body of the message, to be stored in the file associated with a "msg"
class node. Any parts of other types are each stored in separate files
and given "file" class nodes that are linked to the "msg" node.
In a multipart/alternative message or part, we look for a text/plain
subpart and ignore the other parts.
Message summary
The "summary" property on message nodes is taken from the first non-quoting
section in the message body. The message body is divided into sections by
blank lines. Sections where the second and all subsequent lines begin with
a ">" or "|" character are considered "quoting sections". The first line of
the first non-quoting section becomes the summary of the message.
Address handling
All of the addresses in the To: and Cc: headers of the incoming message are
looked up among the user nodes, and the corresponding users are placed in
the "recipients" property on the new "msg" node. The address in the From:
header similarly determines the "author" property of the new "msg"
node. The default handling for addresses that don't have corresponding
users is to create new users with no passwords and a username equal to the
address. (The web interface does not permit logins for users with no
passwords.) If we prefer to reject mail from outside sources, we can simply
register an auditor on the "user" class that prevents the creation of user
nodes with no passwords.
Triggers
Both cases may trigger detectors (in the first case we are calling the
set() method to add the message to the item's spool; in the second case we
are calling the create() method to create a new node). If an auditor raises
an exception, the original message is bounced back to the sender with the
Nosy Lists
A standard detector is provided that watches for additions
to the "messages" property. When a new message is added, the
detector sends it to all the users on the "nosy" list for the
item that are not already on the "recipients" list of the
message. Those users are then appended to the "recipients"
property on the message, so multiple copies of a message
are never sent to the same user. The journal recorded by
the hyperdatabase on the "recipients" property then provides
a log of when the message was sent to whom.
The instance_config.py located in your instance home contains the
basic configuration for the web and e-mail components of roundup's
interfaces. This file is a Python module. The default
instance_config.py is given below - as you can see, the
MAIL_DOMAIN must be edited before any interaction with the instance is
attempted.
MAIL_DOMAIN=MAILHOST=HTTP_HOST=None
HTTP_PORT=0
# roundup home is this package's directory
INSTANCE_HOME=os.path.split(__file__)[0]
# The SMTP mail host that roundup will use to send mail
if not MAILHOST:
MAILHOST = 'localhost'
# The domain name used for email addresses.
if not MAIL_DOMAIN:
MAIL_DOMAIN = 'fill.me.in.'
# the next two are only used for the standalone HTTP server.
if not HTTP_HOST:
HTTP_HOST = ''
if not HTTP_PORT:
HTTP_PORT = 9080
# This is the directory that the database is going to be stored in
DATABASE = os.path.join(INSTANCE_HOME, 'db')
# This is the directory that the HTML templates reside in
TEMPLATES = os.path.join(INSTANCE_HOME, 'html')
# The email address that mail to roundup should go to
ISSUE_TRACKER_EMAIL = 'issue_tracker@%s'%MAIL_DOMAIN
# The web address that the instance is viewable at
ISSUE_TRACKER_WEB = 'http://some.useful.url/'
# The email address that roundup will complain to if it runs into trouble
ADMIN_EMAIL = 'roundup-admin@%s'%MAIL_DOMAIN
# Somewhere for roundup to log stuff internally sent to stdout or stderr
LOG = os.path.join(INSTANCE_HOME, 'roundup.log')
# Where to place the web filtering HTML on the index page
FILTER_POSITION = 'bottom' # one of 'top', 'bottom', 'top and bottom'
# Deny or allow anonymous access to the web interface
ANONYMOUS_ACCESS = 'deny'
# Deny or allow anonymous users to register through the web interface
ANONYMOUS_REGISTER = 'deny'
# Send nosy messages to the author of the message
MESSAGES_TO_AUTHOR = 'no' # either 'yes' or 'no'
An instance schema defines what data is stored in the instance's database.
The two schemas shipped with Roundup turn it into a typical software bug
tracker (the extended schema allowing for support issues as well as bugs).
Schemas are defined using Python code. The "classic" schema looks like
this:
Classes and Properties - creating a new information store
In the instance above, we've defined 7 classes of information:
priority
Defines the possible levels of urgency for issues.
status
Defines the possible states of processing the issue may be in.
keyword
Initially empty, will hold keywords useful for searching issues.
user
Initially holding the "admin" user, will eventually have an entry
for all users using roundup.
msg
Initially empty, will all e-mail messages sent to or generated by roundup.
file
Initially empty, will all files attached to issues.
issue
Initially emtyp, this is where the issue information is stored.
We define the "priority" and "status" classes to allow two things: reduction
in the amount of information stored on the issue and more powerful, accurate
searching of issues by priority and status. By only requiring a link on
the issue (which is stored as a single number) we reduce the chance
that someone mis-types a priority or status - or simply makes a new one
up.
Class and Nodes
A Class defines a particular class (or type) of data that will be
stored in the database. A class comprises one or more properties, which
given the information about the class nodes.
The actual data entered into the database, using class.create()
are called nodes. They have a special immutable property called
id. We sometimes refer to this as the nodeid.
Properties
A Class is comprised of one or more properties of the following types:
String properties are for storing arbitrary-length
strings.
Password properties are for storing encoded arbitrary-length
strings. The default encoding is defined on the roundup.password.Password
class.
Date properties store date-and-time stamps.
Their values are Timestamp objects.
A Link property refers to a single other node
selected from a specified class. The class is part of the property;
the value is an integer, the id of the chosen node.
A Multilink property refers to possibly many nodes
in a specified class. The value is a list of integers.
FileClass
FileClasses save their "content" attribute off in a separate file from the
rest of the database. This reduces the number of large entries in the
database, which generally makes databases more efficient, and also allows
us to use command-line tools to operate on the files. They are stored in
the files sub-directory of the db directory in your instance.
IssueClass
IssueClasses automatically include the "messages", "files", "nosy", and
"superseder" properties.
The messages and files properties list the links to the messages and files
related to the issue. The nosy property is a list of links to users who
wish to be informed of changes to the issue - they get "CC'ed" e-mails when
messages are sent to or generated by the issue. The nosy reactor (in the
detectors directory) handles this action. The superceder link indicates an
issue which has superceded this one.
They also have the dynamically generated
"creation", "activity" and "creator" properties.
The value of the "creation" property is the date when a node was created,
and the value of the "activity" property is the date when any property on
the node was last edited (equivalently, these are the dates on the first
and last records in the node's journal). The "creator" property holds a
link to the user that created the issue.
setkey(property)
Select a String property of the class to be the key property. The key
property muse be unique, and allows references to the nodes in the class by
the content of the key property. That is, we can refer to users by their
username, e.g. let's say that there's an issue in roundup, issue 23. There's
also a user, richard who happens to be user 2. To assign an issue to him,
we could do either of:
roundup-admin set issue assignedto=2
or
roundup-admin set issue
assignedto=richard
Note, the same thing can be done in the web and e-mail interfaces.
create(information)
Create a node in the database. This is generally used to create nodes in
the "definitional" classes like "priority" and "status".
The web interface works behind the cgi-bin/roundup.cgi or roundup-server
scripts. In both cases, the scripts determine which instance is being
accessed (the first part of the URL path inside the scope of the CGI
handler) and pass control on to the instance interfaces.Client class which
handles the rest of the access through its main() method. This means that
you can do pretty much anything you want as a web interface to your
instance.
Most customisation of the web view can be done by modifying the templates
in the instance html directory. These are divided into index, item and
newitem views. The newitem view is optional - the item view will be used if
the newitem view doesn't exist.
Index, item and filter pages for the relevant classes may need to have properties
added or removed,
The default page header relies on the existence of, and some values of the
priority, status, assignedto and activity classes. If you change any of these (specifically
if you remove any of the classes or their default values) you will need to implement your
own pagehead() method in your instance's interfaces.py module.
Displaying Properties
Properties appear in the user interface in three contexts:
in indices, in editors, and as filters. For each type of
property, there are several display possibilities. For example,
in an index view, a string property may just be printed as
a plain string, but in an editor view, that property should
be displayed in an editable field.
The display of a property is handled by functions in
the htmltemplate module.
Displayer functions are triggered by <display>
tags in templates. The call attribute of the tag
provides a Python expression for calling the displayer
function. The three standard arguments are inserted in
front of the arguments given. For example, the occurrence of
<display call="plain('status')">
in a template triggers a call the "plain" function. The displayer
functions can accept extra arguments to further specify
details about the widgets that should be generated. By defining new
displayer functions, the user interface can be highly customized.
The displayer functions are
plain
Display a String property directly.
Display a Date property in a specified time zone with an option
to omit the time from the date stamp.
For a Link or Multilink
property, display the key strings of the linked nodes (or the
ids if the linked class has no key property).
Options:
escape (boolean) - HTML-escape the resulting text.
field
Display a property like the
plain displayer above, but in a form field
to be edited. Strings, Dates and Intervals use TEXT fields, Links use
SELECT fields and Multilinks use SELECT MULTIPLE fields.
Options:
size (number) - width of TEXT fields.
height (number) - number of nows in SELECT MULTIPLE tags.
showid (boolean) - true includes the id of linked nodes in the SELECT
MULTIPLE fields.
menu
For a Links and Multilinks, display the same field as would be
generated using field.
link
For a Link or Multilink property, display the names of the linked
nodes, hyperlinked to the item views on those nodes.
For other properties, link to this node with the property as the text.
Options:
property (property name) - the property to use in the second case.
count
For a Multilink property, display
a count of the number of links in the list.
Arguments:
property (property name) - the property to use.
reldate
Display a Date property in terms
of an interval relative to the current date (e.g. "+ 3w", "- 2d").
Arguments:
property (property name) - the property to use.
Options:
pretty (boolean) - display the relative date in an English form.
download
For a Link or Multilink property, display the names of the linked
nodes, hyperlinked to the item views on those nodes.
For other properties, link to this node with the property as the text.
In all cases, append the name (key property) of the item to the path so it
is the name of the file being downloaded.
Arguments:
property (property name) - the property to use.
checklist
For a Link or Multilink property,
display checkboxes for the available choices to permit filtering.
Arguments:
property (property name) - the property to use.
note
Display the special notes field, which is a text area for entering a
note to go along with a change.
list
List the nodes specified by property using the standard index for
the class.
Arguments:
property (property name) - the property to use.
history
List the history of the item.
submit
Add a submit button for the item.
Index Views
An index view contains two sections: a filter section
and an index section.
The filter section provides some widgets for selecting
which items appear in the index. The index section is
a table of items.
Index View Specifiers
An index view specifier (URL fragment) looks like this (whitespace
has been added for clarity):
The index view is determined by two parts of the
specifier: the layout part and the filter part.
The layout part consists of the query parameters that
begin with colons, and it determines the way that the
properties of selected nodes are displayed.
The filter part consists of all the other query parameters,
and it determines the criteria by which nodes
are selected for display.
The filter part is interactively manipulated with
the form widgets displayed in the filter section. The
layout part is interactively manipulated by clicking
on the column headings in the table.
The filter part selects the union of the
sets of items with values matching any specified Link
properties and the intersection of the sets
of items with values matching any specified Multilink
properties.
The example specifies an index of "issue" nodes.
Only items with a "status" of either
"unread" or "in-progres" or "resolved" are displayed,
and only items with "topic" values including both
"security" and "ui" are displayed. The items
are grouped by priority, arranged in ascending order;
and within groups, sorted by activity, arranged in
descending order. The filter section shows filters
for the "status" and "topic" properties, and the
table includes columns for the "title", "status", and
"fixer" properties.
Associated with each item class is a default
layout specifier. The layout specifier in the above
example is the default layout to be provided with
the default bug-tracker schema described above in
section 4.4.
Filter Section
The template for a filter section provides the
filtering widgets at the top of the index view.
Fragments enclosed in <property>...</property>
tags are included or omitted depending on whether the
view specifier requests a filter for a particular property.
A property must appear in the filter template for it to be available
as a filter.
The standard index generation code appends a section to the index pages
which allows selection of the filters - from those which are defined in the
filter template.
Index Section
The template for an index section describes one row of
the index table.
Fragments enclosed in <property>...</property>
tags are included or omitted depending on whether the
view specifier requests a column for a particular property.
The table cells should contain <display> tags
to display the values of the item's properties.
String and Date values are sorted in the natural way.
Link properties are sorted according to the value of the
"order" property on the linked nodes if it is present; or
otherwise on the key string of the linked nodes; or
finally on the node ids. Multilink properties are
sorted according to how many links are present.
Item Views
An item view contains an editor section and a spool section.
At the top of an item view, links to superseding and superseded
items are always displayed.
Editor Section
The editor section is generated from a template
containing <display> tags to insert
the appropriate widgets for editing properties.
As shown in the example, the editor template can also
request the display of a "note" field, which is a
text area for entering a note to go along with a change.
When a change is submitted, the system automatically
generates a message describing the changed properties.
If a note is given in the "note" field, the note is
appended to the description. The message is then added
to the item's message spool (thus triggering the standard
detector to react by sending out this message to the nosy list).
The message also displays all of the property values on the
item and indicates which ones have changed.
An example of such a message might be this:
Polly's taken a turn for the worse - this is now really important!
-----
title: Polly Parrot is dead
priority: critical
status: unread -> in-progress
fixer: terry
keywords: parrot,plumage,perch,nailed,dead
Spool Section
The spool section lists messages in the item's "messages"
property. The index of messages displays the "date", "author",
and "summary" properties on the message nodes, and selecting a
message takes you to its content.
The <property> tag used in the index may also be used here -
it checks to see if the nominated Multilink property has any entries.
This can be used to eliminate sections of the spool section if the
property has no entries.
Go Ping, you rock! Also, go Bizar Software for letting me implement this
system on their time.
$Id: index.html,v 1.27 2002-01-23 05:10:27 richard Exp $
code-5d10e55d6cb2/doc/overview.html 0000644 0000000 0000000 00000114513 07423614464 015245 0 ustar 0000000 0000000
Roundup: an Issue-Tracking System for Knowledge Workers
Copyright (c) 2000 Ka-Ping Yee. This material may
be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in
the Software Carpentry Open Publication License, which is available at:
We propose an issue-tracking system called
Roundup, which will manage a number of issues
(with properties such as "description", "priority", and so on)
and provide the ability to
(a) submit new issues,
(b) find and edit existing issues,
and
(c) discuss issues with other participants.
The system will facilitate communication
among the participants by managing discussions and
notifying interested parties when issues are edited.
A typical software project requires the management of
many tasks, usually distributed among several collaborators.
In fact, any project team
could use a tool for sorting out and discussing all the
relevant issues. A common approach is to set up some kind
of "to-do" list that people can share.
However, to address the overall problem we need much more
than just a shared to-do list; we need to
manage a growing body of knowledge and experience to help a
team collaborate effectively on a project. The issue-tracking
tool becomes a nexus for communication: the Grand Central
Station of the group intelligence.
The primary focus of this design is to help
developers work together well, not to provide a customer
service interface to the developers. This is not to say that
the design is to be made unsuitable for customers to use.
Rather, it is assumed that many of the same qualities
that are good for supporting development (see below)
are also good for non-developers using the system.
Additional niceties
for providing a safe or simplified interface to clients are
intentionally deferred for later consideration.
A good issue-tracking system should have at least the
following properties:
With a nod to the time-honoured computer science tradition
of "filling in the fourth quadrant", we note that
there are really four kinds of information flow
going on here. The three mentioned qualities
really address the first three quadrants of this 2-by-2 matrix,
respectively:
User push: a user submits information to the system.
User pull: a user queries for information from the system.
System push: the system sends information out to users.
System pull: the system solicits information from users.
An example of the fourth kind of flow is voting.
Voting isn't described in this design,
but it should be noted as a potential enhancement.
Low barrier to participation.
The usefulness of the tool depends entirely on the
information people contribute to it. It must be made
as easy as possible to submit new issues and contribute
information about existing issues.
Straightforward navigation.
It should be easy for users to extract information they need
from the system to direct their decisions and tasks.
They should be able to get a decent overview of
things as well as finding specific information when
they know what they're after.
Controlled information flow.
The users must have control over how much information and
what information they get. A common flaw of some issue-tracking
systems is that they inundate users with so much useless
e-mail that people avoid the system altogether.
Simplicity. It is a strong requirement
that the tool be accessible and understandable. It should
be fairly obvious what different parts of the interface do,
and the inner mechanisms should operate in ways that most
users can easily predict.
Efficiency.
We aim to optimize for minimum effort to do the most common
operations, and best use of resources like screen real estate
to maximize the amount of information that we summarize and present.
Generality. We try to avoid making
unnecessary assumptions that would restrict the applicability
of the tool. For example, there is no reason why one might
not also want to use this tool to manage a design process,
non-software projects, or organizational decisions.
Persistence. We
prefer hiding or reclassifying information to deleting it.
This helps support the collection of statistics later.
If records are never destroyed, there is little danger
in providing access to a larger community, and logging yields
accountability, which may encourage better behaviour.
Roundup stores a number of items, each of
which can have several properties and an associated discussion.
The properties can be used to classify or search for items.
The discussion is a sequence of e-mail messages.
Each item is identified by a unique number, and has
an activity log which
records the time and content of edits made on its properties.
The log stays fairly small since the design intentionally
provides only small data types as item properties, and
encourages anything large to be attached to
e-mail where it becomes part of the discussion.
The next section explains how items are organized.
In my opinion, forcing
items into fixed categories is one of the most
serious problems with the Roundup prototype.
The hyperdatabase is an experimental attempt to
address the problem of information organization,
whose scope goes beyond just Roundup.
Often when classifying information we are
asked to select exactly one of a number of categories
or to fit it into a rigid hierarchy. Yet things
only sometimes fall into one category; often,
a piece of information may be related to several concepts.
For example, forcing each item into a single topic
category is not just suboptimal but counterproductive:
seekers of that
item may expect to find it in a different category
and conclude that the item is not present in the
database -- which has them worse off
than if the items were not categorized at all.
Some systems try to alleviate this problem by
allowing nodes to appear at multiple locations
in a tree, as with "aliases" or "symbolic links" in
a filesystem, for example. This does help somewhat,
but we want to be even more flexible
by allowing the
organization of nodes into sets that may freely
intersect. Rather than putting each node at exactly
one place in an overall "grand scheme", a node can
belong to as many sets as are appropriate.
If we choose to represent the sets themselves as nodes
and set membership as a link between nodes,
we're now ready to present the definition of a
hyperdatabase.
Perhaps it's too pretentious a name?
You could say this is just like an object database.
The hyperdatabase is hardly much of an invention; the
intent is merely to emphasize querying on links
rather than properties.
(I haven't heard of this being done with
object databases before, but plead ignorance if
there's already a good name for this idea.)
A hyperdatabase is a collection of nodes
that may be hyperlinked to
each other (hence the name "hyperdatabase").
Each node carries a collection of key-value pairs,
where some of the values may be links to other nodes.
Any node may have an arbitrary number of outgoing and
incoming links. Hyperdatabases are able to efficiently
answer queries such as "what nodes link to this node?"
and "what nodes does this node link to?"
There are several reasons for building our
own kind of database for Roundup rather than using an existing one.
Requiring the installation of a full-blown third-party
SQL database system would probably deter many potential
users from attempting to set up Roundup;
yet a real relational database would be too
complicated to implement on our own.
On the other hand, a hyperdatabase can be implemented fairly easily
using one of the Python DBM modules, so we can
take the "batteries-included" approach and provide it
as part of the system. It's easier to build and understand
than a true relational database (in accordance with our guiding
principle of simplicity), but provides
most of the query functionality we want.
A hyperdatabase is well suited for finding the intersection
of a number of sets in which items belong. We expect that
most of the queries people want to do will be of this
form, rather than complicated SQL queries. For example, a
typical request might be
"show me all critical items related to security".
The ability to store arbitrary key-value pairs and links
on nodes gives it more flexibility than an RDBMS.
Users are not going to be making thousands of queries
per second, so it makes sense to optimize for simplicity
and flexibility rather than performance.
For our application, we store each item as a node in a
hyperdatabase. The item's properties are stored
as key-value pairs on its node.
Four types of properties are allowed:
string, date,
choice, and reference.
The string type is for short, free-form strings.
String properties are not intended to contain large
amounts of text, and it is recommended that they be presented
as one-line fields to encourage brevity.
The date type is for calendar dates and times.
The choice type denotes a single selection
from a number of options. A choice property
entails a link from the node possessing the property to
the node representing the chosen option.
The reference type is for a list of links to any
number of other nodes in the in the database. A reference
property, for example, can be used to refer to related items
or topic categories relevant to an item.
For Roundup, all items have five properties
that are not customizable:
a string property named description
a reference property named superseder
a reference property named nosy
a date property named creation
a date property named activity
The description property is a short
one-line description of the item.
The detailed description can go in the
first e-mail message of the item's discussion spool.
The superseder property is used to
support the splitting, joining, or replacing of items.
When several items need to be
joined into a single item, all the old items
link to the new item in their superseder
property.
When an item needs to be split apart, the item
references all the new items in its superseder
propety.
We can easily list all active items just by checking
for an empty superseder property, and trace
the path of an item's origins by querying the hyperdatabase
for links.
The nosy property contains a list of
the people who are interested in an item. This
mechanism is explained in
the section on Nosy Lists.
The creation property records the
item's creation time. The activity
property records the last time that the item was edited or
a mail message was added to its discussion spool. These two
properties are managed by Roundup and are not available to
be edited like other properties.
Users of the system are also represented by nodes in the
hyperdatabase, containing properties
like the user's e-mail address, login name, and password.
Roundup could be distributed with a few
suggested schemas for different purposes.
One possible enhancement to the
software-development schema is
a reference property
named implements for connecting
development items to design requirements which
they satisfy, which should
be enough to provide basic support for
traceability.
Clearly there is also potential for adding
properties for related source files, check-ins,
test results, regression tests for resolved items,
and so on, though these have not yet been
sufficiently well thought out to specify here.
It is hoped that the hyperdatabase together with the
specializations mentioned above for Roundup will be
applicable in a variety of situations
(in accordance with our guiding principle of generality).
To address the problem at hand, we need
a specific schema for items applied particularly to software development.
Again, we are trying to keep the schema simple: too many
options make it tougher for someone to make a good choice.
The schema is written here in the same form that it would
appear in a configuration file.
fixer = Reference() # people who will fix the problem
topic = Reference() # relevant topic keywords
priority = Choice("critical", # panic: work is stopped!
"urgent", # important, but not deadly
"bug", # lost work or incorrect results
"feature", # want missing functionality
"wish") # avoidable bugs, missing conveniences
status = Choice("unread", # submitted but no action yet
"deferred", # intentionally set aside
"chatting", # under review or seeking clarification
"need-eg", # need a reproducible example of a bug
"in-progress", # understood; development in progress
"testing", # we think it's done; others, please test
"done-cbb", # okay for now, but could be better
"resolved") # fix has been released
The fixer property assigns
responsibility for an item to a person or a list of people.
The topic property places the
item in an arbitrary number of relevant topic sets (see
the section on Browsing and Searching).
As previously mentioned, each item gets an activity log.
Whenever a property on an item is changed, the log
records the time of the change, the user making the change,
and the old and new values of the property. This permits
the later gathering of statistics (for example, the average time
from submission to resolution).
We do not specify or enforce a state transition graph,
since making the system rigid in that fashion is probably more
trouble than it's worth.
Experience has shown that there are probably
two convenient automatic state transitions:
from unread to chatting
when e-mail is written about an item
from testing to resolved
when a new release of the software is made
Beyond these, in accordance with our principle of generality,
we allow access to the hyperdatabase
API so that scripts can automate transitions themselves or
be triggered by changes in the database.
Roundup provides its services through two main interfaces:
e-mail and the Web.
This division is chosen to optimize the most common tasks.
E-mail is best suited for
the submission of new items since most people are most comfortable
with composing long messages in their own favourite e-mail client.
E-mail also permits them to mention URLs or attach files relevant
to their submission. Indeed, in many cases people are already
used to making requests by sending e-mail to a mailing list
of people; they can do exactly the same thing to use Roundup
without even thinking about it.
Similarly, people are already
familiar with holding discussions in e-mail, and plenty of
valuable usage conventions and software tools already exist for that medium.
The Web, on the other hand, is best suited for summarizing
and seeking information, because it can present an interactive
overview of items. Since the Web has forms, it's also
the best place to edit items.
Nosy lists have actually been tried in practice,
and their emergent properties have
turned out to be very effective.
They are one of the key strengths of the Roundup prototype,
and often cause me to wonder if all mailing lists ought to work this way.
Roundup could even replace Hypermail.
The system needs an address for receiving mail
and an address that forwards mail to all participants.
Each item has its own list
of interested parties, known as its nosy list.
Here's how nosy lists work:
New items are always submitted by sending an e-mail message
to Roundup. The "Subject:" field becomes the description
of the new item.
The message is saved in the mail spool of the new item,
and copied to the list of all participants
so everyone knows that a new item has been added.
The new item's nosy list initially contains the submitter.
All e-mail messages sent by Roundup have their "Reply-To:"
field set to Roundup's address, and have the item's
number in the "Subject:" field. Thus, any replies to the
initial announcement and subsequent threads are all received
by Roundup. Roundup notes the item number in the "Subject:"
field of each incoming message and appends the message
to the appropriate spool.
Any incoming e-mail tagged with an item number is copied
to all the people on the item's nosy list,
and any users found in the "From:", "To:", or "Cc:" fields
are automatically added to the nosy list. Whenever a user
edits an item's properties in the Web interface, they are
also added to the nosy list.
The effect
is like each item having its own little mailing list,
except that no one ever has to worry about subscribing to
anything. Indicating interest in an issue is sufficient, and if you
want to bring someone new into the conversation, all you need to do
is Cc: a message to them. It turns out that no one ever has to worry
about unsubscribing, either: the nosy lists are so specific in scope
that the conversation tends to die down by itself when the issue is
resolved or people no longer find it sufficiently important.
Each nosy list is like an asynchronous chat room,
lasting only a short time (typically five or ten messages)
and involving a small group of people.
However, that
group is the right group of people:
only those who express interest in an item in some way
ever end up on
the list, so no one gets spammed with mail they
don't care about, and no one who wants
to see mail about a particular item needs to be left
out, for they can easily join in, and just as easily
look at the mail spool on an item to catch up on any
messages they might have missed.
We can take this a step further and
permit users to monitor particular topics or
classifications of items
by allowing other kinds of nodes to
also have their own nosy lists.
For example, a manager could be on the
nosy list of the priority value node for "critical", or a
developer could be on the nosy list of the
topic value node for "security".
The recipients are then
determined by the union of the nosy lists on the
item and all the nodes it links to.
Using many small, specific mailing lists results
in much more effective communication than one big list.
Taking away the effort of subscribing and unsubscribing
gives these lists the "feel" of being cheap and
disposable.
The transparent capture of the mail spool attached to each
issue also yields a nice knowledge repository over time.
Since Roundup is intended to support arbitrary user-defined
schema for item properties, the editing interface must be
automatically generated from the schema. The configuration for
Roundup will include a template describing how to lay out the
properties to present a UI for inspecting and editing items.
For example:
To display the editing form for an item, Roundup substitutes
an HTML form widget for each <?property ...>
tag, and transfers attributes
(such as size=70 in the above example)
from the processing tag to the form widget's tag.
Each type has its own appropriate editing widget:
string properties appear as text fields
date properties appear as text fields
choice properties appear as selection lists
reference properties appear as multiple-selection lists
with a text field for adding a new option
We foresee the use of custom date fields for things like deadlines,
so input fields for date properties should support some
simple way of specifying relative dates (such as "three weeks from now").
The superseder property is a special case:
although it is more efficient to store a superseder
property in the superseded item, it makes more sense to provide
a "supersedes" edit field on the superseding item. So we need
a special widget on items for this purpose (perhaps something
as simple as a text field containing a comma-separated list of
item numbers will do). Links in the superseder property
should appear on both the superseding and superseded items to
facilitate navigating an item's pedigree.
After the editing widgets, the item inspection page shows
a "note" text box and then a display of the messages in the
discussion spool, like the Roundup prototype. This field
lets you enter a note explaining your change when you edit the
item, and the note is included in the notification message that
goes out to tell the interested parties on the nosy list of
your edits.
The ideal we would like to achieve is to make searching as
much like browsing as possible: the user simply clicks about
on things that seem interesting, and the information narrows
down comfortably until the goal is in sight. This is preferable
to trying to digest a screen filled with widgets and buttons
or entering a search expression in some arcane algebraic syntax.
Though the generation of each page amounts to a database query,
so that the underlying mechanism is still a series of queries and
responses, the user interface never separates the query from
the response, so the experience is one of stepwise
refinement.
While a one-shot search may be appropriate when you're
looking for a single item and you know exactly what you want, it's
not very helpful when you want an overview of
things ("Gee, there are a lot more high-priority items than
there were last week!") or trying to do comparisons ("I have
some time today, so who is busiest and could most use some help?")
The browsing interface presents filtering
functionality for each of the properties in the schema. As with
editing, the interface is generated from a template
describing how to lay out the properties.
Each type of property has its own appropriate filtering widget:
string properties appear as text fields supporting
case-insensitive substring match
date properties appear as a text field with an
option to choose dates after or before the specified date
choice properties appear as a group of
selectable options
(the filter selects the union of the sets of items
associated with the active options)
reference properties appear as a group of
selectable options
(the filter selects the intersection of the sets of items
associated with the active options)
For a reference property like topic,
one possibility is to show, as hyperlinks, the keywords whose
sets have non-empty intersections with the currently displayed set of
items. Sorting the keywords by popularity seems
reasonable. Clicking on a keyword then narrows both the list of items
and the list of keywords. This gives some of the feel of walking
around a directory tree -- but without the restriction of having
to select keywords in a particular hierarchical order, and without
the need to travel all the way to the leaves of the tree before
any items are visible.
Below the filtering form is a listing of items, with their
properties displayed in a table. Rows in the table can also be
generated from a template, as with the editing interface.
This listing is the central overview of the system, and it
should aim to maximize the density of
useful information in accordance with our guiding principle of
efficiency.
For example,
Bugzilla
initially displays seven or eight items of the index, but only
after the user has
waded
through
three
bewildering
screens of
form widgets.
Jitterbug can't
even fit any items at all in the first screenful, as it's
taken up by artwork and adminstrative debris. In contrast,
in the
Roundup prototype,
25 high-priority issues are immediately visible, with
most of the screen space devoted to their descriptions.
Colour indicates
the status of each item to help the eye sift through the index quickly.
In both Jitterbug and Bugzilla, items are sorted by default by ID,
a meaningless field. Sorting by ID puts the issues in order by
ascending submission date, which banishes recent issues far away
at the bottom of the list.
The Roundup prototype sorts items
in sections by priority, and then within sections by the date
of last activity. This reveals at a glance where discussion is
most active, and provides an easy way for anyone to move an issue
up in the list.
The page produced by a given set of browsing options constitutes
a view. The options should all be part of the query
parameters in the URL so that views may be bookmarked. A view
specifies:
search strings for string properties
date ranges for date properties
acceptable values for choice properties
required values for reference properties
one or more sort keys
a list of properties for which to display filtering widgets
On each sort key there is the option to use sections -- that is,
instead of making the property's value a column of the table, each
possible value for the property
is displayed at the top of a section and all the items having
that value for that property are grouped underneath. This avoids
wasting screen space with redundant information.
We propose that our default view should be:
all options on for priority and fixer
all options on except "resolved" for status
no options on for topic
primary sort by priority in sections
secondary sort by decreasing activity date
The starting URL for Roundup should immediately present the listing of
items generated by this default view, with no
preceding query screen.
The hyperdatabase is clearly a separable component which
can be developed and tested independently to an API specification.
As soon as the API to the hyperdatabase is nailed down,
the implementation of the Roundup database layer
on top of the hyperdatabase can begin.
(This refers to the data types and five fixed properties
specific to Roundup.) This layer can also be tested separately.
When the interface to the Roundup hyperdatabase is ready,
development can begin on the user interface. The mail handler
and the Web interface can be developed in parallel and mostly
independently of each other.
The mail handler can be set up for testing fairly easily:
mail messages on its standard input can be synthesized;
its output is outgoing mail, which can be
captured by replacing the implementation of the
"send mail" function; and its side effects appear in the
hyperdatabase, which has a Python API.
The Web interface is not easily testable in its entirety,
though the most important components of it can be unit tested,
such as the component that translates a view specification
into a list of items for display, and
the component that performs replacements on templates
to produce an editing or filtering interface.
The description of the hyperdatabase above avoids some
issues regarding node typing that need to be better specified.
It is conceivable that eventually Roundup
could support multiple kinds of items with their own schemas.
To permit integration with external tools, it is probably
a good idea to provide a command-line tool that exposes the
hyperdatabase API. This tool will be left for a later phase
of development and so isn't specified in detail here.
Generating the user interface from a template is like
applying an XSL stylesheet to XML, and if there's a standard
Python module for performing these transformations, we could
use XML instead.
More thinking is needed to determine the best filtering
interface for reference properties.
The proposed interface works well for topic keywords, but
it isn't clear what to do when there are too many keywords
to display them all.
There has been a variety of reactions to the hyperdatabase
from reviewers: some like it, some are neutral, and some
would prefer a "standard" RDBMS solution.
For those in the latter camp, note
that it's still possible to build the Roundup database layer
around an RDBMS if we really need to. The rest of the design, in
particular the "nosy list" mechanism, remains intact.
The possibility of malice by registered users has been disregarded.
The system is intended to be used by a co-operative group.
This design tries to address as many as possible of the
suggested requirements mentioned on
the contest page:
configuring states: Edit the schema.
setting state transition rules: We don't enforce any rules.
assigning responsibility: Set the fixer property.
splitting and joining: Use the superseder property.
hiding information: Add
a property and a pre-defined view that filters on it.
secure protocols: Naturally HTTPS would be nice, though it's largely
a webserver configuration issue; secure e-mail is not addressed.
archiving old issues: Tag them with a property.
identifying repeated issues: Use the superseder property.
connecting state changes to external operations: We provide an
API to the database and the notification mechanism so it can be scripted.
non-Latin alphabets: Unicode in Python 1.6 will handle
this for string properties, and we can leverage existing standards for
internationalizing e-mail messages.
images and other binaries: Attach them to e-mail messages.
inspecting item state: Use the editing interface.
translation between system-dependent formats: This is not addressed.
performing searches: Use the browsing and filtering interface.
collecting statistics: Information is gathered in the activity log,
though tools to summarize it are not described here.
Roundup is an issue-tracking system that also functions as
a communications center and a knowledge repository. It combines
the strengths of e-mail and the Web to try to provide the best
possible user interaction.
The submission and discussion of items by e-mail, permitting
participants to use an easy and familiar tool, achieves our goal
of low barrier to participation.
The generic link-based structuring of data and use of
incremental filtering rather than one-shot querying makes for
straightforward navigation.
The use of nosy lists (a powerful replacement for
e-mail discussion lists) to manage communication on
a fine-grained level provides controlled information flow.
The use of a "hyperdatabase" as the core model for
the knowledge repository gives us the flexibility to extend
Roundup and apply it to a variety of domains by
providing new item schemas and user-interface templates.
Roundup is self-contained and easy to set up, requiring
only a webserver and a mailbox. No one needs to be root to
configure the webserver or to install database software.
This design is based on an existing deployed
prototype which has proven its strengths and revealed its
weaknesses in heavy day-to-day use by a real development team.
My thanks are due to
Christina Heyl, Jesse Vincent, Mark Miller, Christopher Simons,
Jeff Dunmall, Wayne Gramlich, and Dean Tribble
for reviewing this paper and contributing their suggestions.
This document presents a description of the components
of the Roundup system and specifies their interfaces and
behaviour in sufficient detail to guide an implementation.
For the philosophy and rationale behind the Roundup design,
see the first-round Software Carpentry submission for Roundup.
This document fleshes out that design as well as specifying
interfaces so that the components can be developed separately.
2. The Layer Cake
Lots of software design documents come with a picture of
a cake. Everybody seems to like them. I also like cakes
(i think they are tasty). So i, too, shall include
a picture of a cake here.
E-mail Client
Web Browser
Detector Scripts
Shell
E-mail User Interface
Web User Interface
Detector Interface
Command Interface
Roundup Database Layer
Hyperdatabase Layer
Storage Layer
The colourful parts of the cake are part of our system;
the faint grey parts of the cake are external components.
I will now proceed to forgo all table manners and
eat from the bottom of the cake to the top. You may want
to stand back a bit so you don't get covered in crumbs.
3. Hyperdatabase
The lowest-level component to be implemented is the hyperdatabase.
The hyperdatabase is intended to be
a flexible data store that can hold configurable data in
records which we call nodes.
The hyperdatabase is implemented on top of the storage layer,
an external module for storing its data. The storage layer could
be a third-party RDBMS; for a "batteries-included" distribution,
implementing the hyperdatabase on the standard bsddb
module is suggested.
3.1. Dates and Date Arithmetic
Before we get into the hyperdatabase itself, we need a
way of handling dates. The hyperdatabase module provides
Timestamp objects for
representing date-and-time stamps and Interval objects for
representing date-and-time intervals.
As strings, date-and-time stamps are specified with
the date in international standard format
(yyyy-mm-dd)
joined to the time (hh:mm:ss)
by a period ("."). Dates in
this form can be easily compared and are fairly readable
when printed. An example of a valid stamp is
"2000-06-24.13:03:59".
We'll call this the "full date format". When Timestamp objects are
printed as strings, they appear in the full date format with
the time always given in GMT. The full date format is always
exactly 19 characters long.
For user input, some partial forms are also permitted:
the whole time or just the seconds may be omitted; and the whole date
may be omitted or just the year may be omitted. If the time is given,
the time is interpreted in the user's local time zone.
The Date constructor takes care of these conversions.
In the following examples, suppose that yyyy is the current year,
mm is the current month, and dd is the current
day of the month; and suppose that the user is on Eastern Standard Time.
"2000-04-17" means <Date 2000-04-17.00:00:00>
"01-25" means <Date yyyy-01-25.00:00:00>
"2000-04-17.03:45" means <Date 2000-04-17.08:45:00>
"08-13.22:13" means <Date yyyy-08-14.03:13:00>
"11-07.09:32:43" means <Date yyyy-11-07.14:32:43>
"14:25" means
<Date yyyy-mm-dd.19:25:00>
"8:47:11" means
<Date yyyy-mm-dd.13:47:11>
the special date "." means "right now"
Date intervals are specified using the suffixes
"y", "m", and "d". The suffix "w" (for "week") means 7 days.
Time intervals are specified in hh:mm:ss format (the seconds
may be omitted, but the hours and minutes may not).
"3y" means three years
"2y 1m" means two years and one month
"1m 25d" means one month and 25 days
"2w 3d" means two weeks and three days
"1d 2:50" means one day, two hours, and 50 minutes
"14:00" means 14 hours
"0:04:33" means four minutes and 33 seconds
The Date class should understand simple date expressions of the form
stamp + interval and stamp - interval.
When adding or subtracting intervals involving months or years, the
components are handled separately. For example, when evaluating
"2000-06-25 + 1m 10d", we first add one month to
get 2000-07-25, then add 10 days to get
2000-08-04 (rather than trying to decide whether
1m 10d means 38 or 40 or 41 days).
Here is an outline of the Date and Interval classes.
class Date:
def __init__(self, spec, offset):
"""Construct a date given a specification and a time zone offset.
'spec' is a full date or a partial form, with an optional
added or subtracted interval. 'offset' is the local time
zone offset from GMT in hours.
"""
def __add__(self, interval):
"""Add an interval to this date to produce another date."""
def __sub__(self, interval):
"""Subtract an interval from this date to produce another date."""
def __cmp__(self, other):
"""Compare this date to another date."""
def __str__(self):
"""Return this date as a string in the yyyy-mm-dd.hh:mm:ss format."""
def local(self, offset):
"""Return this date as yyyy-mm-dd.hh:mm:ss in a local time zone."""
class Interval:
def __init__(self, spec):
"""Construct an interval given a specification."""
def __cmp__(self, other):
"""Compare this interval to another interval."""
def __str__(self):
"""Return this interval as a string."""
Here are some examples of how these classes would behave in practice.
For the following examples, assume that we are on Eastern Standard
Time and the current local time is 19:34:02 on 25 June 2000.
Nodes contain data in properties. To Python, these
properties are presented as the key-value pairs of a dictionary.
Each node belongs to a class which defines the names
and types of its properties. The database permits the creation
and modification of classes as well as nodes.
3.3. Identifiers and Designators
Each node has a numeric identifier which is unique among
nodes in its class. The nodes are numbered sequentially
within each class in order of creation, starting from 1.
The designator
for a node is a way to identify a node in the database, and
consists of the name of the node's class concatenated with
the node's numeric identifier.
For example, if "spam" and "eggs" are classes, the first
node created in class "spam" has id 1 and designator "spam1".
The first node created in class "eggs" also has id 1 but has
the distinct designator "eggs1". Node designators are
conventionally enclosed in square brackets when mentioned
in plain text. This permits a casual mention of, say,
"[patch37]" in an e-mail message to be turned into an active
hyperlink.
3.4. Property Names and Types
Property names must begin with a letter.
A property may be one of five basic types:
String properties are for storing arbitrary-length
strings.
Date properties store date-and-time stamps.
Their values are Timestamp objects.
A Link property refers to a single other node
selected from a specified class. The class is part of the property;
the value is an integer, the id of the chosen node.
A Multilink property refers to possibly many nodes
in a specified class. The value is a list of integers.
None is also a permitted value for any of these property
types. An attempt to store None into a String property
stores the empty string; an attempt to store None
into a Multilink property stores an empty list.
3.5. Interface Specification
The hyperdb module provides property objects to designate
the different kinds of properties. These objects are used when
specifying what properties belong in classes.
class String:
def __init__(self):
"""An object designating a String property."""
class Date:
def __init__(self):
"""An object designating a Date property."""
class Link:
def __init__(self, classname):
"""An object designating a Link property that links to
nodes in a specified class."""
class Multilink:
def __init__(self, classname):
"""An object designating a Multilink property that links
to nodes in a specified class."""
Here is the interface provided by the hyperdatabase.
class Database:
"""A database for storing records containing flexible data types."""
def __init__(self, storagelocator, journaltag):
"""Open a hyperdatabase given a specifier to some storage.
The meaning of 'storagelocator' depends on the particular
implementation of the hyperdatabase. It could be a file name,
a directory path, a socket descriptor for a connection to a
database over the network, etc.
The 'journaltag' is a token that will be attached to the journal
entries for any edits done on the database. If 'journaltag' is
None, the database is opened in read-only mode: the Class.create(),
Class.set(), and Class.retire() methods are disabled.
"""
def __getattr__(self, classname):
"""A convenient way of calling self.getclass(classname)."""
def getclasses(self):
"""Return a list of the names of all existing classes."""
def getclass(self, classname):
"""Get the Class object representing a particular class.
If 'classname' is not a valid class name, a KeyError is raised.
"""
class Class:
"""The handle to a particular class of nodes in a hyperdatabase."""
def __init__(self, db, classname, **properties):
"""Create a new class with a given name and property specification.
'classname' must not collide with the name of an existing class,
or a ValueError is raised. The keyword arguments in 'properties'
must map names to property objects, or a TypeError is raised.
"""
# Editing nodes:
def create(self, **propvalues):
"""Create a new node of this class and return its id.
The keyword arguments in 'propvalues' map property names to values.
The values of arguments must be acceptable for the types of their
corresponding properties or a TypeError is raised. If this class
has a key property, it must be present and its value must not
collide with other key strings or a ValueError is raised. Any other
properties on this class that are missing from the 'propvalues'
dictionary are set to None. If an id in a link or multilink
property does not refer to a valid node, an IndexError is raised.
"""
def get(self, nodeid, propname):
"""Get the value of a property on an existing node of this class.
'nodeid' must be the id of an existing node of this class or an
IndexError is raised. 'propname' must be the name of a property
of this class or a KeyError is raised.
"""
def set(self, nodeid, **propvalues):
"""Modify a property on an existing node of this class.
'nodeid' must be the id of an existing node of this class or an
IndexError is raised. Each key in 'propvalues' must be the name
of a property of this class or a KeyError is raised. All values
in 'propvalues' must be acceptable types for their corresponding
properties or a TypeError is raised. If the value of the key
property is set, it must not collide with other key strings or a
ValueError is raised. If the value of a Link or Multilink
property contains an invalid node id, a ValueError is raised.
"""
def retire(self, nodeid):
"""Retire a node.
The properties on the node remain available from the get() method,
and the node's id is never reused. Retired nodes are not returned
by the find(), list(), or lookup() methods, and other nodes may
reuse the values of their key properties.
"""
def history(self, nodeid):
"""Retrieve the journal of edits on a particular node.
'nodeid' must be the id of an existing node of this class or an
IndexError is raised.
The returned list contains tuples of the form
(date, tag, action, params)
'date' is a Timestamp object specifying the time of the change and
'tag' is the journaltag specified when the database was opened.
'action' may be:
'create' or 'set' -- 'params' is a dictionary of property values
'link' or 'unlink' -- 'params' is (classname, nodeid, propname)
'retire' -- 'params' is None
"""
# Locating nodes:
def setkey(self, propname):
"""Select a String property of this class to be the key property.
'propname' must be the name of a String property of this class or
None, or a TypeError is raised. The values of the key property on
all existing nodes must be unique or a ValueError is raised.
"""
def getkey(self):
"""Return the name of the key property for this class or None."""
def lookup(self, keyvalue):
"""Locate a particular node by its key property and return its id.
If this class has no key property, a TypeError is raised. If the
'keyvalue' matches one of the values for the key property among
the nodes in this class, the matching node's id is returned;
otherwise a KeyError is raised.
"""
def find(self, propname, nodeid):
"""Get the ids of nodes in this class which link to a given node.
'propname' must be the name of a property in this class, or a
KeyError is raised. That property must be a Link or Multilink
property, or a TypeError is raised. 'nodeid' must be the id of
an existing node in the class linked to by the given property,
or an IndexError is raised.
"""
def list(self):
"""Return a list of the ids of the active nodes in this class."""
def count(self):
"""Get the number of nodes in this class.
If the returned integer is 'numnodes', the ids of all the nodes
in this class run from 1 to numnodes, and numnodes+1 will be the
id of the next node to be created in this class.
"""
# Manipulating properties:
def getprops(self):
"""Return a dictionary mapping property names to property objects."""
def addprop(self, **properties):
"""Add properties to this class.
The keyword arguments in 'properties' must map names to property
objects, or a TypeError is raised. None of the keys in 'properties'
may collide with the names of existing properties, or a ValueError
is raised before any properties have been added.
"""
3.6. Application Example
Here is an example of how the hyperdatabase module would work in practice.
For the purposes of journalling, when a Multilink property is
set to a new list of nodes, the hyperdatabase compares the old
list to the new list.
The journal records "unlink" events for all the nodes that appear
in the old list but not the new list,
and "link" events for
all the nodes that appear in the new list but not in the old list.
4. Roundup Database
The Roundup database layer is implemented on top of the
hyperdatabase and mediates calls to the database.
Some of the classes in the Roundup database are considered
item classes.
The Roundup database layer adds detectors and user nodes,
and on items it provides mail spools, nosy lists, and superseders.
4.1. Reserved Classes
Internal to this layer we reserve three special classes
of nodes that are not items.
4.1.1. Users
Users are stored in the hyperdatabase as nodes of
class "user". The "user" class has the definition:
E-mail messages are represented by hyperdatabase nodes of class "msg".
The actual text content of the messages is stored in separate files.
(There's no advantage to be gained by stuffing them into the
hyperdatabase, and if messages are stored in ordinary text files,
they can be grepped from the command line.) The text of a message is
saved in a file named after the message node designator (e.g. "msg23")
for the sake of the command interface (see below). Attachments are
stored separately and associated with "file" nodes.
The "msg" class has the definition:
The "author" property indicates the author of the message
(a "user" node must exist in the hyperdatabase for any messages
that are stored in the system).
The "summary" property contains a summary of the message for display
in a message index.
4.1.3. Files
Submitted files are represented by hyperdatabase
nodes of class "file". Like e-mail messages, the file content
is stored in files outside the database,
named after the file node designator (e.g. "file17").
The "file" class has the definition:
The "user" property indicates the user who submitted the
file, the "name" property holds the original name of the file,
and the "type" property holds the MIME type of the file as received.
Also, two Date properties named "creation" and "activity" are
fabricated by the Roundup database layer. By "fabricated" we
mean that no such properties are actually stored in the
hyperdatabase, but when properties on items are requested, the
"creation" and "activity" properties are made available.
The value of the "creation" property is the date when an item was
created, and the value of the "activity" property is the
date when any property on the item was last edited (equivalently,
these are the dates on the first and last records in the item's journal).
4.3. Interface Specification
The interface to a Roundup database delegates most method
calls to the hyperdatabase, except for the following
changes and additional methods.
class Database:
# Overridden methods:
def __init__(self, storagelocator, journaltag):
"""When the Roundup database is opened by a particular user,
the 'journaltag' is the id of the user's "user" node."""
def getclass(self, classname):
"""This method now returns an instance of either Class or
ItemClass depending on whether an item class is specified."""
# New methods:
def getuid(self):
"""Return the id of the "user" node associated with the user
that owns this connection to the hyperdatabase."""
class Class:
# Overridden methods:
def create(self, **propvalues):
def set(self, **propvalues):
def retire(self, nodeid):
"""These operations trigger detectors and can be vetoed. Attempts
to modify the "creation" or "activity" properties cause a KeyError.
"""
# New methods:
def audit(self, event, detector):
def react(self, event, detector):
"""Register a detector (see below for more details)."""
class ItemClass(Class):
# Overridden methods:
def __init__(self, db, classname, **properties):
"""The newly-created class automatically includes the "messages",
"files", "nosy", and "superseder" properties. If the 'properties'
dictionary attempts to specify any of these properties or a
"creation" or "activity" property, a ValueError is raised."""
def get(self, nodeid, propname):
def getprops(self):
"""In addition to the actual properties on the node, these
methods provide the "creation" and "activity" properties."""
# New methods:
def addmessage(self, nodeid, summary, text):
"""Add a message to an item's mail spool.
A new "msg" node is constructed using the current date, the
user that owns the database connection as the author, and
the specified summary text. The "files" and "recipients"
fields are left empty. The given text is saved as the body
of the message and the node is appended to the "messages"
field of the specified item.
"""
def sendmessage(self, nodeid, msgid):
"""Send a message to the members of an item's nosy list.
The message is sent only to users on the nosy list who are not
already on the "recipients" list for the message. These users
are then added to the message's "recipients" list.
"""
4.4. Default Schema
The default schema included with Roundup turns it into a
typical software bug tracker. The database is set up like this:
(The "order" property hasn't been explained yet. It
gets used by the Web user interface for sorting.)
The above isn't as pretty-looking as the schema specification
in the first-stage submission, but it could be made just as easy
with the addition of a convenience function like Choice
for setting up the "priority" and "status" classes:
def Choice(name, *options):
cl = Class(db, name, name=hyperdb.String(), order=hyperdb.String())
for i in range(len(options)):
cl.create(name=option[i], order=i)
return hyperdb.Link(name)
5. Detector Interface
Detectors are Python functions that are triggered on certain
kinds of events. The definitions of the
functions live in Python modules placed in a directory set aside
for this purpose. Importing the Roundup database module also
imports all the modules in this directory, and the init()
function of each module is called when a database is opened to
provide it a chance to register its detectors.
There are two kinds of detectors:
an auditor is triggered just before modifying an node
a reactor is triggered just after an node has been modified
When the Roundup database is about to perform a
create(), set(), or retire()
operation, it first calls any auditors that
have been registered for that operation on that class.
Any auditor may raise a Reject exception
to abort the operation.
If none of the auditors raises an exception, the database
proceeds to carry out the operation. After it's done, it
then calls all of the reactors that have been registered
for the operation.
5.1. Interface Specification
The audit() and react() methods
register detectors on a given class of nodes.
class Class:
def audit(self, event, detector):
"""Register an auditor on this class.
'event' should be one of "create", "set", or "retire".
'detector' should be a function accepting four arguments.
"""
def react(self, event, detector):
"""Register a reactor on this class.
'event' should be one of "create", "set", or "retire".
'detector' should be a function accepting four arguments.
"""
Auditors are called with the arguments:
audit(db, cl, nodeid, newdata)
where db is the database, cl is an
instance of Class or ItemClass within the database, and newdata
is a dictionary mapping property names to values.
For a create()
operation, the nodeid argument is None and newdata
contains all of the initial property values with which the node
is about to be created.
For a set() operation, newdata
contains only the names and values of properties that are about
to be changed.
For a retire() operation, newdata is None.
Reactors are called with the arguments:
react(db, cl, nodeid, olddata)
where db is the database, cl is an
instance of Class or ItemClass within the database, and olddata
is a dictionary mapping property names to values.
For a create()
operation, the nodeid argument is the id of the
newly-created node and olddata is None.
For a set() operation, olddata
contains the names and previous values of properties that were changed.
For a retire() operation, nodeid is the
id of the retired node and olddata is None.
5.2. Detector Example
Here is an example of detectors written for a hypothetical
project-management application, where users can signal approval
of a project by adding themselves to an "approvals" list, and
a project proceeds when it has three approvals.
# Permit users only to add themselves to the "approvals" list.
def check_approvals(db, cl, id, newdata):
if newdata.has_key("approvals"):
if cl.get(id, "status") == db.status.lookup("approved"):
raise Reject, "You can't modify the approvals list " \
"for a project that has already been approved."
old = cl.get(id, "approvals")
new = newdata["approvals"]
for uid in old:
if uid not in new and uid != db.getuid():
raise Reject, "You can't remove other users from the "
"approvals list; you can only remove yourself."
for uid in new:
if uid not in old and uid != db.getuid():
raise Reject, "You can't add other users to the approvals "
"list; you can only add yourself."
# When three people have approved a project, change its
# status from "pending" to "approved".
def approve_project(db, cl, id, olddata):
if olddata.has_key("approvals") and len(cl.get(id, "approvals")) == 3:
if cl.get(id, "status") == db.status.lookup("pending"):
cl.set(id, status=db.status.lookup("approved"))
def init(db):
db.project.audit("set", check_approval)
db.project.react("set", approve_project)
Here is another example of a detector that can allow or prevent
the creation of new nodes. In this scenario, patches for a software
project are submitted by sending in e-mail with an attached file,
and we want to ensure that there are text/plain attachments on
the message. The maintainer of the package can then apply the
patch by setting its status to "applied".
# Only accept attempts to create new patches that come with patch files.
def check_new_patch(db, cl, id, newdata):
if not newdata["files"]:
raise Reject, "You can't submit a new patch without " \
"attaching a patch file."
for fileid in newdata["files"]:
if db.file.get(fileid, "type") != "text/plain":
raise Reject, "Submitted patch files must be text/plain."
# When the status is changed from "approved" to "applied", apply the patch.
def apply_patch(db, cl, id, olddata):
if cl.get(id, "status") == db.status.lookup("applied") and \
olddata["status"] == db.status.lookup("approved"):
# ...apply the patch...
def init(db):
db.patch.audit("create", check_new_patch)
db.patch.react("set", apply_patch)
6. Command Interface
The command interface is a very simple and minimal interface,
intended only for quick searches and checks from the shell prompt.
(Anything more interesting can simply be written in Python using
the Roundup database module.)
6.1. Interface Specification
A single command, roundup, provides basic access to
the hyperdatabase from the command line.
roundup get [-list]designator[,designator,...]propname
roundup set designator[,designator,...]propname=value ...
roundup find [-list]classnamepropname=value ...
Property values are represented as strings in command arguments
and in the printed results:
Strings are, well, strings.
Date values are printed in the full date format in the local
time zone, and accepted in the full format or any of the partial
formats explained above.
Link values are printed as node designators. When given as
an argument, node designators and key strings are both accepted.
Multilink values are printed as lists of node designators
joined by commas. When given as an argument, node designators
and key strings are both accepted; an empty string, a single node,
or a list of nodes joined by commas is accepted.
When multiple nodes are specified to the
roundup get or roundup set
commands, the specified properties are retrieved or set
on all the listed nodes.
When multiple results are returned by the roundup get
or roundup find commands, they are printed one per
line (default) or joined by commas (with the -list) option.
6.2. Usage Example
To find all messages regarding in-progress issues that
contain the word "spam", for example, you could execute the
following command from the directory where the database
dumps its files:
shell% for issue in `roundup find issue status=in-progress`; do
> grep -l spam `roundup get $issue messages`
> donemsg23
msg49
msg50
msg61
shell%
Or, using the -list option, this can be written as a single command:
The Roundup system must be assigned an e-mail address
at which to receive mail. Messages should be piped to
the Roundup mail-handling script by the mail delivery
system (e.g. using an alias beginning with "|" for sendmail).
7.1. Message Processing
Incoming messages are examined for multiple parts.
In a multipart/mixed message or part, each subpart is
extracted and examined. In a multipart/alternative
message or part, we look for a text/plain subpart and
ignore the other parts. The text/plain subparts are
assembled to form the textual body of the message, to
be stored in the file associated with a "msg" class node.
Any parts of other types are each stored in separate
files and given "file" class nodes that are linked to
the "msg" node.
The "summary" property on message nodes is taken from
the first non-quoting section in the message body.
The message body is divided into sections by blank lines.
Sections where the second and all subsequent lines begin
with a ">" or "|" character are considered "quoting
sections". The first line of the first non-quoting
section becomes the summary of the message.
All of the addresses in the To: and Cc: headers of the
incoming message are looked up among the user nodes, and
the corresponding users are placed in the "recipients"
property on the new "msg" node. The address in the From:
header similarly determines the "author" property of the
new "msg" node.
The default handling for
addresses that don't have corresponding users is to create
new users with no passwords and a username equal to the
address. (The web interface does not permit logins for
users with no passwords.) If we prefer to reject mail from
outside sources, we can simply register an auditor on the
"user" class that prevents the creation of user nodes with
no passwords.
The subject line of the incoming message is examined to
determine whether the message is an attempt to create a new
item or to discuss an existing item. A designator enclosed
in square brackets is sought as the first thing on the
subject line (after skipping any "Fwd:" or "Re:" prefixes).
If an item designator (class name and id number) is found
there, the newly created "msg" node is added to the "messages"
property for that item, and any new "file" nodes are added to
the "files" property for the item.
If just an item class name is found there, we attempt to
create a new item of that class with its "messages" property
initialized to contain the new "msg" node and its "files"
property initialized to contain any new "file" nodes.
Both cases may trigger detectors (in the first case we
are calling the set() method to add the message to the
item's spool; in the second case we are calling the
create() method to create a new node). If an auditor
raises an exception, the original message is bounced back to
the sender with the explanatory message given in the exception.
7.2. Nosy Lists
A standard detector is provided that watches for additions
to the "messages" property. When a new message is added, the
detector sends it to all the users on the "nosy" list for the
item that are not already on the "recipients" list of the
message. Those users are then appended to the "recipients"
property on the message, so multiple copies of a message
are never sent to the same user. The journal recorded by
the hyperdatabase on the "recipients" property then provides
a log of when the message was sent to whom.
7.3. Setting Properties
The e-mail interface also provides a simple way to set
properties on items. At the end of the subject line,
propname=value pairs can be
specified in square brackets, using the same conventions
as for the roundup set shell command.
8. Web User Interface
The web interface is provided by a CGI script that can be
run under any web server. A simple web server can easily be
built on the standard CGIHTTPServer module, and
should also be included in the distribution for quick
out-of-the-box deployment.
The user interface is constructed from a number of template
files containing mostly HTML. Among the HTML tags in templates
are interspersed some nonstandard tags, which we use as
placeholders to be replaced by properties and their values.
8.1. Views and View Specifiers
There are two main kinds of views: index views and item views.
An index view displays a list of items of a particular class,
optionally sorted and filtered as requested. An item view
presents the properties of a particular item for editing
and displays the message spool for the item.
A view specifier is a string that specifies
all the options needed to construct a particular view.
It goes after the URL to the Roundup CGI script or the
web server to form the complete URL to a view. When the
result of selecting a link or submitting a form takes
the user to a new view, the Web browser should be redirected
to a canonical location containing a complete view specifier
so that the view can be bookmarked.
8.2. Displaying Properties
Properties appear in the user interface in three contexts:
in indices, in editors, and as filters. For each type of
property, there are several display possibilities. For example,
in an index view, a string property may just be printed as
a plain string, but in an editor view, that property should
be displayed in an editable field.
The display of a property is handled by functions in
a displayers module. Each function accepts at
least three standard arguments -- the database, class name,
and node id -- and returns a chunk of HTML.
Displayer functions are triggered by <display>
tags in templates. The call attribute of the tag
provides a Python expression for calling the displayer
function. The three standard arguments are inserted in
front of the arguments given. For example, the occurrence of
<display call="plain('status', max=30)">
in a template triggers a call to
plain(db, "issue", 13, "status", max=30)
when displaying item 13 in the "issue" class. The displayer
functions can accept extra arguments to further specify
details about the widgets that should be generated. By defining new
displayer functions, the user interface can be highly customized.
Some of the standard displayer functions include:
plain: display a String property directly;
display a Date property in a specified time zone with an option
to omit the time from the date stamp; for a Link or Multilink
property, display the key strings of the linked nodes (or the
ids if the linked class has no key property)
field: display a property like the
plain displayer above, but in a text field
to be edited
menu: for a Link property, display
a menu of the available choices
link: for a Link or Multilink property,
display the names of the linked nodes, hyperlinked to the
item views on those nodes
count: for a Multilink property, display
a count of the number of links in the list
reldate: display a Date property in terms
of an interval relative to the current date (e.g. "+ 3w", "- 2d").
download: show a Link("file") or Multilink("file")
property using links that allow you to download files
checklist: for a Link or Multilink property,
display checkboxes for the available choices to permit filtering
8.3. Index Views
An index view contains two sections: a filter section
and an index section.
The filter section provides some widgets for selecting
which items appear in the index. The index section is
a table of items.
8.3.1. Index View Specifiers
An index view specifier looks like this (whitespace
has been added for clarity):
The index view is determined by two parts of the
specifier: the layout part and the filter part.
The layout part consists of the query parameters that
begin with colons, and it determines the way that the
properties of selected nodes are displayed.
The filter part consists of all the other query parameters,
and it determines the criteria by which nodes
are selected for display.
The filter part is interactively manipulated with
the form widgets displayed in the filter section. The
layout part is interactively manipulated by clicking
on the column headings in the table.
The filter part selects the union of the
sets of items with values matching any specified Link
properties and the intersection of the sets
of items with values matching any specified Multilink
properties.
The example specifies an index of "issue" nodes.
Only items with a "status" of either
"unread" or "in-progres" or "resolved" are displayed,
and only items with "topic" values including both
"security" and "ui" are displayed. The items
are grouped by priority, arranged in ascending order;
and within groups, sorted by activity, arranged in
descending order. The filter section shows filters
for the "status" and "topic" properties, and the
table includes columns for the "title", "status", and
"fixer" properties.
Associated with each item class is a default
layout specifier. The layout specifier in the above
example is the default layout to be provided with
the default bug-tracker schema described above in
section 4.4.
8.3.2. Filter Section
The template for a filter section provides the
filtering widgets at the top of the index view.
Fragments enclosed in <property>...</property>
tags are included or omitted depending on whether the
view specifier requests a filter for a particular property.
The template for an index section describes one row of
the index table.
Fragments enclosed in <property>...</property>
tags are included or omitted depending on whether the
view specifier requests a column for a particular property.
The table cells should contain <display> tags
to display the values of the item's properties.
String and Date values are sorted in the natural way.
Link properties are sorted according to the value of the
"order" property on the linked nodes if it is present; or
otherwise on the key string of the linked nodes; or
finally on the node ids. Multilink properties are
sorted according to how many links are present.
8.4. Item Views
An item view contains an editor section and a spool section.
At the top of an item view, links to superseding and superseded
items are always displayed.
8.4.1. Item View Specifiers
An item view specifier is simply the item's designator:
/patch23
8.4.2. Editor Section
The editor section is generated from a template
containing <display> tags to insert
the appropriate widgets for editing properties.
As shown in the example, the editor template can also
request the display of a "note" field, which is a
text area for entering a note to go along with a change.
When a change is submitted, the system automatically
generates a message describing the changed properties.
The message displays all of the property values on the
item and indicates which ones have changed.
An example of such a message might be this:
title: Polly Parrot is dead
priority: critical
status: unread -> in-progress
fixer: (none)
keywords: parrot,plumage,perch,nailed,dead
If a note is given in the "note" field, the note is
appended to the description. The message is then added
to the item's message spool (thus triggering the standard
detector to react by sending out this message to the nosy list).
8.4.3. Spool Section
The spool section lists messages in the item's "messages"
property. The index of messages displays the "date", "author",
and "summary" properties on the message nodes, and selecting a
message takes you to its content.
9. Deployment Scenarios
The design described above should be general enough
to permit the use of Roundup for bug tracking, managing
projects, managing patches, or holding discussions. By
using nodes of multiple types, one could deploy a system
that maintains requirement specifications, catalogs bugs,
and manages submitted patches, where patches could be
linked to the bugs and requirements they address.
10. Acknowledgements
My thanks are due to Christy Heyl for
reviewing and contributing suggestions to this paper
and motivating me to get it done, and to
Jesse Vincent, Mark Miller, Christopher Simons,
Jeff Dunmall, Wayne Gramlich, and Dean Tribble for
their assistance with the first-round submission.
![[Software Carpentry logo]](images/logo-software-carpentry-standard.png){kind=logo}
![[ACL Logo]](images/logo-acl-medium.png){kind=logo}
![[CodeSourcery Logo]](images/logo-codesourcery-medium.png){kind=logo}
Since Roundup is intended to support arbitrary user-defined
schema for item properties, the editing interface must be
automatically generated from the schema. The configuration for
Roundup will include a template describing how to lay out the
properties to present a UI for inspecting and editing items.
For example:
![[ACL Logo]](images//logo-acl-medium.png){kind=logo}
