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- update acknowledgements
author Ralf Schlatterbeck <schlatterbeck@users.sourceforge.net>
date Mon, 13 Sep 2010 17:08:41 +0000
parents b6f1aaba4827
children b59ba4dda623
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1 ==================
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2 Developing Roundup
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3 ==================
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4
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5 .. note::
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6 The intended audience of this document is the developers of the core
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7 Roundup code. If you just wish to alter some behaviour of your Roundup
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8 installation, see `customising roundup`_.
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9
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10 .. contents::
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11
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12 Getting Started
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13 ---------------
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14
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15 Anyone wishing to help in the development of Roundup must read `Roundup's
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16 Design Document`_ and the `implementation notes`_.
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17
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18 All development is coordinated through two resources:
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19
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20 - roundup-dev mailing list at
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21 http://lists.sourceforge.net/mailman/listinfo/roundup-devel
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22 - The issue tracker running at
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23 http://issues.roundup-tracker.org/
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24
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25 Website, wiki
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26 -------------
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27
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28 1. ssh -t <username>,roundup@shell.sourceforge.net create
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29 2. cd /home/groups/r/ro/roundup
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30 3. follow instructions in README.txt
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31
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32
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33 Issue Tracker
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34 -------------
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35
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36 The tracker resides on psf.upfronthosting.co.za. The roundup installation
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37 belongs to the user roundup. In ~roundup, all trackers are stored and
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38 the roundup code itself. roundup is started through /etc/init.d/roundup;
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39 other parts of the installation are started through
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40 /etc/init.d/{postgresql-8-1,spambayes,postfix}.
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41
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42 The machine is operated by Upfronthosting in South Africa. The meta
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43 tracker is http://psf.upfronthosting.co.za/roundup/meta/
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44 In this tracker, Upfronthosting people are the users izak and roche.
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45
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46 The Roundup tracker http://issues.roundup-tracker.org/ is in
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47 ~roundup/trackers/roundup
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48
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49 The configuration is in the "web/trunk/issues" section of Roundup's
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50 Subversion repository and copied manually to the live tracker.
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51
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52 A checkout of the roundup sources is in ~roundup/src/roundup-src.
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53
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54
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55 Small Changes
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56 -------------
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57
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58 Most small changes can be submitted through the issue tracker, with
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59 patches attached that give context diffs of the affected source.
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61
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62 SVN Access
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63 ----------
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64
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65 See http://www.roundup-tracker.org/code.html.
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66 For all other questions ask on the development mailinglist.
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67
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68
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69 Project Rules
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70 -------------
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71
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72 Mostly the project follows Guido's Style (though naming tends to be a little
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73 relaxed sometimes). In short:
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74
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75 - 80 column width code
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76 - 4-space indentations
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77 - All modules must have an Id line near the top
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78
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79 Other project rules:
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80
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81 - New functionality must be documented, even briefly (so at least we know
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82 where there's missing documentation) and changes to tracker configuration
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83 must be logged in the upgrading document.
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84 - subscribe to roundup-checkins to receive checkin notifications from the
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85 other developers with write access to the source-code repository.
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86 - discuss any changes with the other developers on roundup-dev. If nothing
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87 else, this makes sure there's no rude shocks
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88 - write unit tests for changes you make (where possible), and ensure that
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89 all unit tests run before committing changes
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90 - run pychecker over changed code
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91
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92 The administrators of the project reserve the right to boot developers who
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93 consistently check in code which is either broken or takes the codebase in
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94 directions that have not been agreed to.
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95
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96
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97 Debugging Aids
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98 --------------
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99
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100 See `debugging.txt`_.
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101
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102 Internationalization Notes
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103 --------------------------
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104
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105 How stuff works:
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106
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107 1. Strings that may require translation (messages in human language)
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108 are marked in the source code. This step is discussed in
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109 `Marking Strings for Translation`_ section.
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110
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111 2. These strings are all extracted into Message Template File
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112 ``locale/roundup.pot`` (_`POT` file). See `Extracting Translatable
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113 Messages`_ below.
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114
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115 3. Language teams use POT file to make Message Files for national
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116 languages (_`PO` files). All PO files for Roundup are kept in
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117 the ``locale`` directory. Names of these files are target
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118 locale names, usually just 2-letter language codes. `Translating
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119 Messages`_ section of this chapter gives useful hints for
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120 message translators.
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121
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122 4. Translated Message Files are compiled into binary form (_`MO` files)
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123 and stored in ``locale`` directory (but not kept in the source code
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124 repository, as they may be easily made from PO files).
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125 See `Compiling Message Catalogs`_ section.
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126
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127 5. Roundup installer creates runtime locale structure on the file
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128 system, putting MO files in their appropriate places.
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129
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130 6. Runtime internationalization (_`I18N`) services use these MO files
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131 to translate program messages into language selected by current
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132 Roundup user. Roundup command line interface uses locale name
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133 set in OS environment variable ``LANGUAGE``, ``LC_ALL``,
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134 ``LC_MESSAGES``, or ``LANG`` (in that order). Roundup Web User
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135 Interface uses language selected by currently authenticated user.
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136
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137 Additional details may be found in `GNU gettext`_ and Python `gettext
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138 module`_ documentation.
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139
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140 `Roundup source distribution`_ includes POT and PO files for message
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141 translators, and also pre-built MO files to facilitate installations
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142 from source. Roundup binary distribution includes MO files only.
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143
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144 .. _GNU gettext:
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145
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146 GNU gettext package
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147 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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148
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149 This chapter is full of references to GNU `gettext package`_.
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150 GNU gettext is a "must have" for nearly all steps of internationalizing
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151 any program, and it's manual is definetely a recommended reading
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152 for people involved in `I18N`_.
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153
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154 There are GNU gettext ports to all major OS platforms.
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155 Windows binaries are available from `GNU mirror sites`_.
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156
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157 Roundup does not use GNU gettext at runtime, but it's tools
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158 are used for `extracting translatable messages`_, `compiling
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159 message catalogs`_ and, optionally, for `translating messages`_.
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160
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161 Note that ``gettext`` package in some OS distributions means just
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162 runtime tools and libraries. In such cases gettext development tools
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163 are usually distributed in separate package named ``gettext-devel``.
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164
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165 Marking Strings for Translation
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166 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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167
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168 Strings that need translation must be marked in the source code.
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169 Following subsections explain how this is done in different cases.
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170
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171 If translatable string is used as a format string, it is recommended
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172 to always use *named* format specifiers::
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173
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174 _('Index of %(classname)s') % locals()
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175
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176 This helps translators to better understand the context of the
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177 message and, with Python formatting, remove format specifier altogether
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178 (which is sometimes useful, especially in singular cases of `Plural Forms`_).
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179
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180 When there is more than one format specifier in the translatable
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181 format string, named format specifiers **must** be used almost always,
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182 because translation may require different order of items.
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183
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184 It is better to *not* mark for translation strings that are not
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185 locale-dependent, as this makes it more difficult to keep track
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186 of translation completeness. For example, string ``</ol></body></html>``
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187 (in ``index()`` method of the request handler in ``roundup_server``
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188 script) has no human readable parts at all, and needs no translations.
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189 Such strings are left untranslated in PO files, and are reported
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190 as such by PO status checkers (e.g. ``msgfmt --statistics``).
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191
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192 Command Line Interfaces
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193 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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194
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195 Scripts and routines run from the command line use "static" language
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196 defined by environment variables recognized by ``gettext`` module
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197 from Python library (``LANGUAGE``, ``LC_ALL``, ``LC_MESSAGES``, and
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198 ``LANG``). Primarilly, these are ``roundup-admin`` script and
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199 ``admin.py`` module, but also help texts and startup error messages
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200 in other scripts and their supporting modules.
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201
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202 For these interfaces, Python ``gettext`` engine must be initialized
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203 to use Roundup message catalogs. This is normally done by including
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204 the following line in the module imports::
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205
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206 from i18n import _, ngettext
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207
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208 Simple translations are automatically marked by calls to builtin
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209 message translation function ``_()``::
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210
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211 print _("This message is translated")
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212
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213 Translations for messages whose grammatical depends on a number
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214 must be done by ``ngettext()`` function::
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215
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216 print ngettext("Nuked %i file", "Nuked %i files", number_of_files_nuked)
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217
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218 Deferred Translations
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219 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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220
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221 Sometimes translatable strings appear in the source code in untranslated
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222 form [#note_admin.py]_ and must be translated elsewhere.
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223 Example::
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224
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225 for meal in ("spam", "egg", "beacon"):
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226 print _(meal)
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227
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228 In such cases, strings must be marked for translation without actual
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229 call to the translating function. To mark these strings, we use Python
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230 feature of automatic concatenation of adjacent strings and different
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231 types of string quotes::
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232
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233 strings_to_translate = (
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234 ''"This string will be translated",
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235 ""'me too',
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236 ''r"\raw string",
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237 ''"""
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238 multiline string"""
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239 )
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240
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241 .. [#note_admin.py] In current Roundup sources, this feature is
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242 extensively used in the ``admin`` module using method docstrings
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243 as help messages.
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244
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245 Web User Interface
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246 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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247
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248 For Web User Interface, translation services are provided by Client
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249 object. Action classes have methods ``_()`` and ``gettext()``,
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250 delegating translation to the Client instance. In HTML templates,
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251 translator object is available as context variable ``i18n``.
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252
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253 HTML templates have special markup for translatable strings.
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254 The syntax for this markup is defined on `ZPTInternationalizationSupport`_
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255 page. Roundup translation service currently ignores values for
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256 ``i18n:domain``, ``i18n:source`` and ``i18n:target``.
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257
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258 Template markup examples:
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259
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260 * simplest case::
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261
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262 <div i18n:translate="">
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263 Say
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264 no
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265 more!
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266 </div>
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267
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268 this will result in msgid ``"Say no more!"``, with all leading and
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269 trailing whitespace stripped, and inner blanks replaced with single
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270 space character.
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271
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272 * using variable slots::
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273
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274 <div i18n:translate="">
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275 And now...<br/>
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276 No.<span tal:replace="number" i18n:name="slideNo" /><br/>
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277 THE LARCH
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278 </div>
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279
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280 Msgid will be: ``"And now...<br /> No.${slideNo}<br /> THE LARCH"``.
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281 Template rendering will use context variable ``number`` (you may use
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282 any expression) to put instead of ``${slideNo}`` in translation.
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283
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284 * attribute translation::
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285
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286 <button name="btn_wink" value=" Wink " i18n:attributes="value" />
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287
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288 will translate the caption (and return value) for the "wink" button.
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289
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290 * explicit msgids. Sometimes it may be useful to specify msgid
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291 for the element translation explicitely, like this::
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292
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293 <span i18n:translate="know what i mean?">this text is ignored</span>
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294
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295 When rendered, element contents will be replaced by translation
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296 of the string specified in ``i18n:translate`` attribute.
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297
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298 * ``i18n`` in `TALES`_. You may translate strings in `TALES`_ python
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299 expressions::
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300
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301 <span tal:replace="python: i18n.gettext('Oh, wicked.')" />
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302
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303 * plural forms. There is no markup for plural forms in `TAL`_ i18n.
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304 You must use python expression for that::
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305
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306 <span tal:replace="python: i18n.ngettext(
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307 'Oh but it\'s only %i shilling.',
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308 'Oh but it\'s only %i shillings.',
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309 fine) % fine"
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310 />
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311
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312 Extracting Translatable Messages
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313 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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314
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315 The most common tool for message extraction is ``xgettext`` utility
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316 from `GNU gettext package`_. Unfortunately, this utility has no means
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317 of `Deferred Translations`_ in Python sources. There is ``xpot`` tool
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318 from Francois Pinard free `PO utilities`_ that allows to mark strings
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319 for deferred translations, but it does not handle `plural forms`_.
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320
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321 Roundup overcomes these limitations by using both of these utilities.
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322 This means that you need both `GNU gettext`_ tools and `PO utilities`_
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323 to build the Message Template File yourself.
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324
4254
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325 Latest Message Template File is kept in the source code repository
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326 and distributed with `Roundup Source`_.
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327 If you wish to rebuild the template yourself,
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328 make sure that you have both ``xpot`` and ``xgettext`` installed and
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329 just run ``gmake`` (or ``make``, if you are on a `GNU`_ system like
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330 `linux`_ or `cygwin`_) in the ``locale`` directory.
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331
2832
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332 For on-site i18n, Roundup provides command-line utility::
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333
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334 roundup-gettext <tracker_home>
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335
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336 extracting translatable messages from tracker's html templates.
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337 This utility creates message template file ``messages.pot`` in
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338 ``locale`` subdirectory of the tracker home directory. Translated
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339 messages may be put in *locale*.po files (where *locale* is selected
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340 locale name) in the same directory, e.g.: ``locale/ru.po``.
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341 These message catalogs are searched prior to system-wide translations
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342 kept in the ``share`` directory.
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343
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344 Translating Messages
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345 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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346
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347 Gettext Message File (`PO`_ file) is a plain text file, that can be created
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348 by simple copying ``roundup.pot`` to new .po file, like this::
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349
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350 $ cp roundup.pot ru.po
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351
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352 The name of PO file is target locale name, usually just 2-letter language
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353 code (``ru`` for Russian in the above example). Alternatively, PO file
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354 may be initialized by ``msginit`` utility from `GNU gettext`_ tools::
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355
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356 $ msginit -i roundup.pot
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357
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358 ``msginit`` will check your current locale, and initialize the header
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359 entry, setting language name, rules for `plural forms`_ and, if available,
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360 translator's name and email address. The name for PO file is also chosen
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361 based on current locale.
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362
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363 Next, you will need to edit this file, filling all ``msgstr`` lines with
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364 translations of the above ``msgid`` entries. PO file is a plain text
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365 file that can be edited with any text editor. However, there are several
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366 tools that may help you with this process:
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367
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368 - `poEdit`_ by Vaclav Slavik. Very nice cross-platform GUI editor.
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369
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370 - `KBabel`_. Being part of `KDE`_, it works in X windows only.
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371 At the first glance looks pretty hairy, with all bells and whistles.
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372 Haven't had much experience with it, though.
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373
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374 - ``po-mode`` for `emacs`_. One of `GNU gettext`_ tools. Very handy,
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375 definitely recommended if you are comfortable with emacs. Cannot
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376 handle `plural forms`_ per se, but allows to edit them in simple
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377 text mode.
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378
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379 - `po filetype plugin`_ for `vim`_. Does not do as much as ``po-mode``,
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380 but helps in finding untranslated and fuzzy strings, and checking
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381 code references. Please contact `alexander smishlajev`_ if you
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382 prefer this, as i have patched this plugin a bit. I have also
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383 informed the original plugin author about these changes, but got
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384 no reply so far.
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385
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386 Compiling Message Catalogs
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387 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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388
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389 Message catalogs (`PO`_ files) must be compiled into binary form
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390 (`MO`_ files) before they can be used in the application. This
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391 compilation is handled by ``msgfmt`` utility from `GNU gettext`_
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392 tools. ``GNUmakefile`` in the ``locale`` directory automatically
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393 compiles all existing message catalogs after updating them from
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394 Roundup source files. If you wish to rebuild an individual `MO`_
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395 file without making everything else, you may, for example::
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396
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397 $ msgfmt --statistics -o ru.mo ru.po
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398
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399 This way, message translators can check their `PO`_ files without
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400 extracting strings from source. (Note: String extraction requires
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401 additional utility that is not part of `GNU gettext`_. See `Extracting
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402 Translatable Messages`_.)
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403
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404 At run time, Roundup automatically compiles message catalogs whenever
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405 `PO`_ file is changed.
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406
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407 .. _`Customising Roundup`: customizing.html
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408 .. _`Roundup's Design Document`: spec.html
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409 .. _`implementation notes`: implementation.html
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410
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411
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412 .. _External hyperlink targets:
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413
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414 .. _alexander smishlajev:
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415 .. _als: http://sourceforge.net/users/a1s/
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416 .. _cygwin: http://www.cygwin.com/
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417 .. _emacs: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
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418 .. _gettext package: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
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419 .. _gettext module: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-gettext.html
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420 .. _GNU: http://www.gnu.org/
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421 .. _GNU mirror sites: http://www.gnu.org/prep/ftp.html
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422 .. _KBabel: http://i18n.kde.org/tools/kbabel/
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423 .. _KDE: http://www.kde.org/
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424 .. _linux: http://www.linux.org/
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425 .. _Plural Forms:
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426 http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/html_node/gettext_150.html
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427 .. _po filetype plugin:
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428 http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=695
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429 .. _PO utilities: http://po-utils.progiciels-bpi.ca/
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430 .. _poEdit: http://poedit.sourceforge.net/
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431 .. _Roundup Source:
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432 .. _Roundup source distribution:
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433 .. _Roundup binary distribution:
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434 http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=31577
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435 .. _TAL:
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436 .. _Template Attribute Language:
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437 http://dev.zope.org/Wikis/DevSite/Projects/ZPT/TAL%20Specification%201.4
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438 .. _TALES:
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439 .. _Template Attribute Language Expression Syntax:
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440 http://dev.zope.org/Wikis/DevSite/Projects/ZPT/TALES%20Specification%201.3
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441 .. _vim: http://www.vim.org/
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442 .. _ZPTInternationalizationSupport: http://dev.zope.org/Wikis/DevSite/Projects/ComponentArchitecture/ZPTInternationalizationSupport
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443
Roundup Issue Tracker: http://roundup-tracker.org/