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i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt added "Translating Messages" and "Compiling Message Catalogs" sections
author Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
date Fri, 21 May 2004 12:55:20 +0000
parents 078d3f6136ea
children 8214560941f4
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1 ==================
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2 Developing Roundup
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3 ==================
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4
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5 :Version: $Revision: 1.9 $
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6
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7 Note: the intended audience of this document is the developers of the core
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8 Roundup code. If you just wish to alter some behaviour of your Roundup
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9 installation, see `customising roundup`_.
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10
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11 .. contents::
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12
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13 Getting Started
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14 ---------------
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15
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16 Anyone wishing to help in the development of Roundup must read `Roundup's
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17 Design Document`_ and the `implementation notes`_.
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18
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19 All development is coordinated through two resources:
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20
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21 - roundup-dev mailing list at
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22 http://lists.sourceforge.net/mailman/listinfo/roundup-devel
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23 - Sourceforge's issue trackers at
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24 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=31577
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25
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26 Small Changes
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27 -------------
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28
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29 Most small changes can be submitted through the Feature tracker, with patches
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30 attached that give context diffs of the affected source.
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32
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33 CVS Access
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34 ----------
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35
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36 To get CVS access, contact richard@users.sourceforge.net.
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37
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38 CVS stuff:
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39
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40 1. to tag a release (eg. the pre-release of 0.5.0)::
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41
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42 cvs tag release-0-5-0-pr1
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43
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44 1. to make a branch (eg. branching for code freeze/release)::
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45
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46 cvs co -d maint-0-5 -r release-0-5-0-pr1 roundup
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47 cd maint-0-5
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48 cvs tag -b maint-0-5
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49
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50 2. to check out a branch (eg. the maintenance branch for 0.5.x)::
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51
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52 cvs co -d maint-0-5 -r maint-0-5
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53
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54 3. to merge changes from the maintenance branch to the trunk, in the
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55 directory containing the HEAD checkout::
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56
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57 cvs up -j maint-0-5
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58
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59 though this is highly discouraged, as it generally creates a whole swag
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60 of conflicts :(
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61
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62 Standard tag names:
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63
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64 *release-maj-min-patch[-sub]*
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65 Release of the major.minor.patch release, possibly a beta or pre-release,
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66 in which case *sub* will be one of "b*N*" or "pr*N*".
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67 *maint-maj-min*
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68 Maintenance branch for the major.minor release. Patch releases are tagged in
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69 this branch.
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70
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71 Typically, release happen like this:
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72
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73 1. work progresses in the HEAD branch until milestones are met,
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74 2. a series of beta releases are tagged in the HEAD until the code is
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75 stable enough to freeze,
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76 3. the pre-release is tagged in the HEAD, with the resultant code branched
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77 to the maintenance branch for that release,
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78 4. bugs in the release are patched in the maintenance branch, and the final
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79 and patch releases are tagged there, and
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80 5. further major work happens in the HEAD.
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81
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82 Project Rules
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83 -------------
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84
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85 Mostly the project follows Guido's Style (though naming tends to be a little
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86 relaxed sometimes). In short:
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87
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88 - 80 column width code
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89 - 4-space indentations
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90 - All modules must have a CVS Id line near the top
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91
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92 Other project rules:
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93
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94 - New functionality must be documented, even briefly (so at least we know
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95 where there's missing documentation) and changes to tracker configuration
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96 must be logged in the upgrading document.
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97 - subscribe to roundup-checkins to receive checkin notifications from the
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98 other developers with CVS access
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99 - discuss any changes with the other developers on roundup-dev. If nothing
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100 else, this makes sure there's no rude shocks
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101 - write unit tests for changes you make (where possible), and ensure that
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102 all unit tests run before committing changes
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103 - run pychecker over changed code
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104
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105 The administrators of the project reserve the right to boot developers who
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106 consistently check in code which is either broken or takes the codebase in
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107 directions that have not been agreed to.
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108
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109 Internationalization Notes
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110 --------------------------
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111
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112 How stuff works:
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113
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114 1. Strings that may require translation (messages in human language)
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115 are marked in the source code. This step is discussed in
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116 `Marking Strings for Translation`_ section.
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117
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118 2. These strings are all extracted into Message Template File
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119 ``locale/roundup.pot`` (_`POT` file). See `Extracting Translatable
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120 Messages`_ below.
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121
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122 3. Language teams use POT file to make Message Files for national
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123 languages (_`PO` files). All PO files for Roundup are kept in
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124 the ``locale`` directory. Names of these files are target
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125 locale names, usually just 2-letter language codes. `Translating
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126 Messages`_ section of this chapter gives useful hints for
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127 message translators.
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128
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129 4. Translated Message Files are compiled into binary form (_`MO` files)
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130 and stored in ``locale`` directory (but not kept in the `Roundup
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131 CVS`_ repository, as they may be easily made from PO files).
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132 See `Compiling Message Catalogs`_ section.
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133
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134 5. Roundup installer creates runtime locale structure on the file
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135 system, putting MO files in their appropriate places.
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136
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137 6. Runtime internationalization (_`I18N`) services use these MO files
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138 to translate program messages into language selected by current
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139 Roundup user. Roundup command line interface uses locale name
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140 set in OS environment variable ``LANGUAGE``, ``LC_ALL``,
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141 ``LC_MESSAGES``, or ``LANG`` (in that order). Roundup Web User
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142 Interface uses language selected by currently authenticated user.
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143
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144 Additional details may be found in `GNU gettext`_ and Python `gettext
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145 module`_ documentation.
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146
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147 `Roundup source distribution`_ includes POT and PO files for message
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148 translators, and also pre-built MO files to facilitate installations
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149 from source. Roundup binary distribution includes MO files only.
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150
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151 .. _GNU gettext:
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152
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153 GNU gettext package
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154 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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155
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156 This chapter is full of references to GNU `gettext package`_.
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157 GNU gettext is a "must have" for nearly all steps of internationalizing
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158 any program, and it's manual is definetely a recommended reading
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159 for people involved in `I18N`_.
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160
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161 There are GNU gettext ports to all major OS platforms.
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162 Windows binaries are available from `GNU mirror sites`_.
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163
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164 Roundup does not use GNU gettext at runtime, but it's tools
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165 are used for `extracting translatable messages`_, `compiling
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166 message catalogs`_ and, optionally, for `translating messages`_.
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167
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168 Note that ``gettext`` package in some OS distributions means just
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169 runtime tools and libraries. In such cases gettext development tools
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170 are usually distributed in separate package named ``gettext-devel``.
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171
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172 Marking Strings for Translation
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173 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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174
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175 Strings that need translation must be marked in the source code.
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176 Following subsections explain how this is done in different cases.
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177
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178 If translatable string is used as a format string, it is recommended
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179 to always use *named* format specifiers::
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180
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181 _('Index of %(classname)s') % locals()
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182
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183 This helps translators to better understand the context of the
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184 message and, in Python, remove format specifier altogether (which
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185 is sometimes useful, especially in singular cases of `Plural Forms`_).
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186
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187 When there is more than one format specifier in the translatable
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188 format string, named format specifiers *must* be used almost always,
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189 because translation may require different order of items.
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190
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191 It is better to *not* mark for translation strings that are not
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192 locale-dependent, as this makes it more difficult to keep track
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193 of translation completeness. For example, string ``</ol></body></html>``
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194 (in ``index()`` method of the request handler in ``roundup_server``
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195 script) has no human readable parts at all, and needs no translations.
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196 Such strings are left untranslated in PO files, and are reported
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197 as such by PO status checkers (e.g. ``msgfmt --statistics``).
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198
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199 Command Line Interfaces
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200 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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201
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202 Scripts and routines run from the command line use "static" language
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203 defined by environment variables recognized by ``gettext`` module
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204 from Python library (``LANGUAGE``, ``LC_ALL``, ``LC_MESSAGES``, and
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205 ``LANG``). Primarilly, these are ``roundup-admin`` script and
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206 ``admin.py`` module, but also help texts and startup error messages
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207 in other scripts and their supporting modules.
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208
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209 For these interfaces, Python ``gettext`` engine must be initialized
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210 to use Roundup message catalogs. This is normally done by including
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211 the following line in the module imports::
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212
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213 from i18n import _, ngettext
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214
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215 Simple translations are automatically marked by calls to builtin
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216 message translation function ``_()``::
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217
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218 print _("This message is translated")
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219
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220 Translations for messages whose grammatical depends on a number
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221 must be done by ``ngettext()`` function::
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222
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223 print ngettext("Nuked %i file", "Nuked %i files", number_of_files_nuked)
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224
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225 User Interfaces
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226 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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227
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228 *(not yet)*
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229
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230 This includes Mail Gateway and Web User Interfaces, where translation
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231 depends on the language of current Roundup User. These translations
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232 will be done by the tracker configuration object. Translatable strings
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233 will be automatically marked by calls to the ``_()`` and ``ngettext()``
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234 methods of that object::
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235
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236 self.config._("This message is translated")
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237 self.config.ngettext("Nuked %i file", "Nuked %i files",
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238 number_of_files_nuked)
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239
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240 Deferred Translations
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241 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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242
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243 Sometimes translatable strings appear in the source code in untranslated
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244 form [#note_admin.py]_ and must be translated elsewhere.
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245 Example::
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246
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247 for meal in ("spam", "egg", "beacon"):
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248 print _(meal)
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249
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250 In such cases, strings must be marked for translation without actual
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251 call to the translating function. To mark these strings, we use Python
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252 feature of automatic concatenation of adjacent strings and different
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253 types of string quotes::
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254
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255 strings_to_translate = (
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256 ''"This string will be translated",
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257 ""'me too',
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258 ''r"\raw string",
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259 ''"""
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260 multiline string"""
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261 )
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262
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263 .. [#note_admin.py] In current Roundup sources, this feature is
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264 extensively used in the ``admin`` module using method docstrings
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265 as help messages.
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266
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267 Extracting Translatable Messages
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268 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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269
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270 The most common tool for message extraction is ``xgettext`` utility
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271 from `GNU gettext package`_. Unfortunately, this utility has no means
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272 of `Deferred Translations`_ in Python sources. There is ``xpot`` tool
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273 from Francois Pinard free `PO utilities`_ that allows to mark strings
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274 for deferred translations, but it does not handle `plural forms`_.
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275
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276 Roundup overcomes these limitations by using both of these utilities.
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277 This means that you need both `GNU gettext`_ tools and `PO utilities`_
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278 to build the Message Template File yourself.
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279
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280 Latest Message Template File is kept in `Roundup CVS`_ and distributed
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281 with `Roundup Source`_. If you wish to rebuild the template yourself,
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282 make sure that you have both ``xpot`` and ``xgettext`` installed and
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283 just run ``gmake`` (or ``make``, if you are on a `GNU`_ system like
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284 `linux`_ or `cygwin`_) in the ``locale`` directory.
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285
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286 Translating Messages
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287 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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288
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289 Gettext Message File (`PO`_ file) is a plain text file, that can be created
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290 by simple copying ``roundup.pot`` to new .po file, like this::
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291
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292 $ cp roundup.pot ru.po
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293
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294 The name of PO file is target locale name, usually just 2-letter language
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295 code (``ru`` for Russian in the above example). Alternatively, PO file
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296 may be initialized by ``msginit`` utility from `GNU gettext`_ tools::
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297
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298 $ msginit -i roundup.pot
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299
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300 ``msginit`` will check your current locale, and initialize the header
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301 entry, setting language name, rules for `plural forms`_ and, if available,
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302 translator's name and email address. The name for PO file is also chosen
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303 based on current locale.
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304
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305 Next, you will need to edit this file, filling all ``msgstr`` lines with
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306 translations of the above ``msgid`` entries. PO file is a plain text
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307 file that can be edited with any text editor. However, there are several
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308 tools that may help you with this process:
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309
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310 - ``po-mode`` for `emacs`_. One of `GNU gettext`_ tools. Very handy,
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311 definitely recommended if you are comfortable with emacs. Cannot
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312 handle `plural forms`_ per se, but allows to edit them in simple
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313 text mode.
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314
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315 - `po filetype plugin`_ for `vim`_. Does not do as much as ``po-mode``,
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316 but helps in finding untranslated and fuzzy strings, and checking
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317 code references. Please contact `alexander smishlajev`_ if you
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318 prefer this, as i have patched this plugin a bit. I have also
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319 informed the original plugin author about these changes, but got
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320 no reply so far.
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321
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322 - `poEdit`_ by Vaclav Slavik. Nice cross-platform GUI editor.
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323 Unfortunately, it does not handle `plural forms`_. Even worse,
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324 it deletes all messages with plural forms when the file is saved.
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325 Still, it may be useful to initially translate most of the messages
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326 and add plural form messages later.
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327
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328 - `KBabel`_. Being part of `KDE`_, it works in X windows only.
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329 At the first glance looks pretty hairy, with all bells and whistles.
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330 Haven't had much experience with it, though.
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331
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332 Compiling Message Catalogs
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333 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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334
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335 Message catalogs (`PO`_ files) must be compiled into binary form
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336 (`MO`_ files) before they can be used in the application. This
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337 compilation is handled by ``msgfmt`` utility from `GNU gettext`_
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338 tools. ``GNUmakefile`` in the ``locale`` directory automatically
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339 compiles all existing message catalogs after updating them from
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340 Roundup source files. If you wish to rebuild an individual `MO`_
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341 file without making everything else, you may, for example::
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342
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343 $ msgfmt --statistics -o ru.mo ru.po
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344
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345 This way, message translators can check their `PO`_ files without
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346 extracting strings from source. (Note: String extraction requires
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347 additional utility that is not part of `GNU gettext`_. See `Extracting
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348 Translatable Messages`_.)
686
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349
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350 -----------------
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351
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352 Back to `Table of Contents`_
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353
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354 .. _`Table of Contents`: index.html
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355 .. _`Customising Roundup`: customizing.html
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356 .. _`Roundup's Design Document`: spec.html
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357 .. _`implementation notes`: implementation.html
2353
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358
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359
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360 .. _External hyperlink targets:
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361
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362 .. _alexander smishlajev:
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363 .. _als: http://sourceforge.net/users/a1s/
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364 .. _cygwin: http://www.cygwin.com/
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365 .. _emacs: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
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366 .. _gettext package: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
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367 .. _gettext module: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-gettext.html
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368 .. _GNU: http://www.gnu.org/
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369 .. _GNU mirror sites: http://www.gnu.org/prep/ftp.html
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370 .. _KBabel: http://i18n.kde.org/tools/kbabel/
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371 .. _KDE: http://www.kde.org/
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372 .. _linux: http://www.linux.org/
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373 .. _Plural Forms:
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374 http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/html_node/gettext_150.html
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375 .. _po filetype plugin:
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376 http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=695
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
377 .. _PO utilities: http://po-utils.progiciels-bpi.ca/
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
378 .. _poEdit: http://poedit.sourceforge.net/
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
379 .. _Roundup CVS: http://sourceforge.net/cvs/?group_id=31577
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
380 .. _Roundup Source:
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
381 .. _Roundup source distribution:
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
382 .. _Roundup binary distribution:
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
383 http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=31577
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
384 .. _vim: http://www.vim.org/
Roundup Issue Tracker: http://roundup-tracker.org/