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annotate doc/developers.txt @ 4036:be9122d753c5

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Cleanup.
author Stefan Seefeld <stefan@seefeld.name>
date Thu, 12 Feb 2009 16:21:46 +0000
parents ff234c87b28a
children f5d7562bed95
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1 ==================
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2 Developing Roundup
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3 ==================
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4
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5 .. note::
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6 The intended audience of this document is the developers of the core
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7 Roundup code. If you just wish to alter some behaviour of your Roundup
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8 installation, see `customising roundup`_.
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9
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10 .. contents::
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11
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12 Getting Started
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13 ---------------
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14
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15 Anyone wishing to help in the development of Roundup must read `Roundup's
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16 Design Document`_ and the `implementation notes`_.
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17
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18 All development is coordinated through two resources:
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19
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20 - roundup-dev mailing list at
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21 http://lists.sourceforge.net/mailman/listinfo/roundup-devel
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22 - Sourceforge's issue trackers at
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23 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=31577
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24
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25 Small Changes
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26 -------------
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27
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28 Most small changes can be submitted through the `feature tracker`_, with
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29 patches attached that give context diffs of the affected source.
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31
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32 CVS Access
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33 ----------
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34
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35 To get CVS access, contact richard@users.sourceforge.net.
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36
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37 CVS stuff:
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38
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39 1. to tag a release (eg. the pre-release of 0.5.0)::
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40
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41 cvs tag release-0-5-0-pr1
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42
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43 1. to make a branch (eg. branching for code freeze/release)::
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44
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45 cvs co -d maint-0-5 -r release-0-5-0-pr1 roundup
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46 cd maint-0-5
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47 cvs tag -b maint-0-5
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48
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49 2. to check out a branch (eg. the maintenance branch for 0.5.x)::
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50
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51 cvs co -d maint-0-5 -r maint-0-5
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52
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53 3. to merge changes from the maintenance branch to the trunk, in the
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54 directory containing the HEAD checkout::
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55
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56 cvs up -j maint-0-5
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57
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58 though this is highly discouraged, as it generally creates a whole swag
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59 of conflicts :(
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60
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61 Standard tag names:
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62
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63 *release-maj-min-patch[-sub]*
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64 Release of the major.minor.patch release, possibly a beta or pre-release,
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65 in which case *sub* will be one of "b*N*" or "pr*N*".
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66 *maint-maj-min*
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67 Maintenance branch for the major.minor release. Patch releases are tagged in
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68 this branch.
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69
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70 Typically, release happen like this:
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71
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72 1. work progresses in the HEAD branch until milestones are met,
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73 2. a series of beta releases are tagged in the HEAD until the code is
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74 stable enough to freeze,
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75 3. the pre-release is tagged in the HEAD, with the resultant code branched
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76 to the maintenance branch for that release,
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77 4. bugs in the release are patched in the maintenance branch, and the final
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78 and patch releases are tagged there, and
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79 5. further major work happens in the HEAD.
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80
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81 Project Rules
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82 -------------
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83
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84 Mostly the project follows Guido's Style (though naming tends to be a little
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85 relaxed sometimes). In short:
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86
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87 - 80 column width code
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88 - 4-space indentations
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89 - All modules must have a CVS Id line near the top
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90
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91 Other project rules:
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92
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93 - New functionality must be documented, even briefly (so at least we know
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94 where there's missing documentation) and changes to tracker configuration
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95 must be logged in the upgrading document.
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96 - subscribe to roundup-checkins to receive checkin notifications from the
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97 other developers with CVS access
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98 - discuss any changes with the other developers on roundup-dev. If nothing
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99 else, this makes sure there's no rude shocks
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100 - write unit tests for changes you make (where possible), and ensure that
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101 all unit tests run before committing changes
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102 - run pychecker over changed code
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103
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104 The administrators of the project reserve the right to boot developers who
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105 consistently check in code which is either broken or takes the codebase in
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106 directions that have not been agreed to.
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107
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108
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109 Debugging Aids
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110 --------------
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111
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112 Try turning on logging of DEBUG level messages. This may be done a number
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113 of ways, depending on what it is you're testing:
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114
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115 1. If you're testing the database unit tests, then set the environment
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116 variable ``LOGGING_LEVEL=DEBUG``. This may be done like so:
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117
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118 LOGGING_LEVEL=DEBUG python run_tests.py
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119
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120 This variable replaces the older HYPERDBDEBUG environment var.
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121
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122 2. If you're testing a particular tracker, then set the logging level in
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123 your tracker's ``config.ini``.
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124
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125
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126 Internationalization Notes
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127 --------------------------
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128
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129 How stuff works:
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130
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131 1. Strings that may require translation (messages in human language)
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132 are marked in the source code. This step is discussed in
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133 `Marking Strings for Translation`_ section.
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134
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135 2. These strings are all extracted into Message Template File
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136 ``locale/roundup.pot`` (_`POT` file). See `Extracting Translatable
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137 Messages`_ below.
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138
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139 3. Language teams use POT file to make Message Files for national
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140 languages (_`PO` files). All PO files for Roundup are kept in
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141 the ``locale`` directory. Names of these files are target
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142 locale names, usually just 2-letter language codes. `Translating
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143 Messages`_ section of this chapter gives useful hints for
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144 message translators.
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145
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146 4. Translated Message Files are compiled into binary form (_`MO` files)
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147 and stored in ``locale`` directory (but not kept in the `Roundup
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148 CVS`_ repository, as they may be easily made from PO files).
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149 See `Compiling Message Catalogs`_ section.
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150
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151 5. Roundup installer creates runtime locale structure on the file
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152 system, putting MO files in their appropriate places.
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153
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154 6. Runtime internationalization (_`I18N`) services use these MO files
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155 to translate program messages into language selected by current
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156 Roundup user. Roundup command line interface uses locale name
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157 set in OS environment variable ``LANGUAGE``, ``LC_ALL``,
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158 ``LC_MESSAGES``, or ``LANG`` (in that order). Roundup Web User
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159 Interface uses language selected by currently authenticated user.
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160
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161 Additional details may be found in `GNU gettext`_ and Python `gettext
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162 module`_ documentation.
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163
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164 `Roundup source distribution`_ includes POT and PO files for message
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165 translators, and also pre-built MO files to facilitate installations
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166 from source. Roundup binary distribution includes MO files only.
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167
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168 .. _GNU gettext:
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169
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170 GNU gettext package
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171 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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172
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173 This chapter is full of references to GNU `gettext package`_.
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174 GNU gettext is a "must have" for nearly all steps of internationalizing
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175 any program, and it's manual is definetely a recommended reading
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176 for people involved in `I18N`_.
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177
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178 There are GNU gettext ports to all major OS platforms.
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179 Windows binaries are available from `GNU mirror sites`_.
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180
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181 Roundup does not use GNU gettext at runtime, but it's tools
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182 are used for `extracting translatable messages`_, `compiling
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183 message catalogs`_ and, optionally, for `translating messages`_.
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184
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185 Note that ``gettext`` package in some OS distributions means just
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186 runtime tools and libraries. In such cases gettext development tools
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187 are usually distributed in separate package named ``gettext-devel``.
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188
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189 Marking Strings for Translation
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190 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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191
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192 Strings that need translation must be marked in the source code.
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193 Following subsections explain how this is done in different cases.
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194
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195 If translatable string is used as a format string, it is recommended
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196 to always use *named* format specifiers::
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197
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198 _('Index of %(classname)s') % locals()
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199
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200 This helps translators to better understand the context of the
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201 message and, with Python formatting, remove format specifier altogether
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202 (which is sometimes useful, especially in singular cases of `Plural Forms`_).
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203
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204 When there is more than one format specifier in the translatable
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205 format string, named format specifiers **must** be used almost always,
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206 because translation may require different order of items.
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207
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208 It is better to *not* mark for translation strings that are not
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209 locale-dependent, as this makes it more difficult to keep track
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210 of translation completeness. For example, string ``</ol></body></html>``
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211 (in ``index()`` method of the request handler in ``roundup_server``
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212 script) has no human readable parts at all, and needs no translations.
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213 Such strings are left untranslated in PO files, and are reported
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214 as such by PO status checkers (e.g. ``msgfmt --statistics``).
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215
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216 Command Line Interfaces
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217 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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218
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219 Scripts and routines run from the command line use "static" language
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220 defined by environment variables recognized by ``gettext`` module
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221 from Python library (``LANGUAGE``, ``LC_ALL``, ``LC_MESSAGES``, and
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222 ``LANG``). Primarilly, these are ``roundup-admin`` script and
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223 ``admin.py`` module, but also help texts and startup error messages
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224 in other scripts and their supporting modules.
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225
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226 For these interfaces, Python ``gettext`` engine must be initialized
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227 to use Roundup message catalogs. This is normally done by including
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228 the following line in the module imports::
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229
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230 from i18n import _, ngettext
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231
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232 Simple translations are automatically marked by calls to builtin
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233 message translation function ``_()``::
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234
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235 print _("This message is translated")
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236
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237 Translations for messages whose grammatical depends on a number
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238 must be done by ``ngettext()`` function::
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239
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240 print ngettext("Nuked %i file", "Nuked %i files", number_of_files_nuked)
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241
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242 Deferred Translations
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243 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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244
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245 Sometimes translatable strings appear in the source code in untranslated
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246 form [#note_admin.py]_ and must be translated elsewhere.
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247 Example::
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248
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249 for meal in ("spam", "egg", "beacon"):
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250 print _(meal)
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251
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252 In such cases, strings must be marked for translation without actual
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253 call to the translating function. To mark these strings, we use Python
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254 feature of automatic concatenation of adjacent strings and different
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255 types of string quotes::
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256
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257 strings_to_translate = (
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258 ''"This string will be translated",
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259 ""'me too',
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260 ''r"\raw string",
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261 ''"""
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262 multiline string"""
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263 )
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264
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265 .. [#note_admin.py] In current Roundup sources, this feature is
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266 extensively used in the ``admin`` module using method docstrings
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267 as help messages.
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268
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269 Web User Interface
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270 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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271
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272 For Web User Interface, translation services are provided by Client
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273 object. Action classes have methods ``_()`` and ``gettext()``,
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274 delegating translation to the Client instance. In HTML templates,
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275 translator object is available as context variable ``i18n``.
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276
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277 HTML templates have special markup for translatable strings.
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278 The syntax for this markup is defined on `ZPTInternationalizationSupport`_
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279 page. Roundup translation service currently ignores values for
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280 ``i18n:domain``, ``i18n:source`` and ``i18n:target``.
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281
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282 Template markup examples:
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283
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284 * simplest case::
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285
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286 <div i18n:translate="">
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287 Say
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288 no
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289 more!
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290 </div>
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291
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292 this will result in msgid ``"Say no more!"``, with all leading and
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293 trailing whitespace stripped, and inner blanks replaced with single
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294 space character.
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295
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296 * using variable slots::
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297
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298 <div i18n:translate="">
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299 And now...<br/>
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300 No.<span tal:replace="number" i18n:name="slideNo" /><br/>
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301 THE LARCH
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302 </div>
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303
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304 Msgid will be: ``"And now...<br /> No.${slideNo}<br /> THE LARCH"``.
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305 Template rendering will use context variable ``number`` (you may use
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306 any expression) to put instead of ``${slideNo}`` in translation.
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307
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308 * attribute translation::
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309
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310 <button name="btn_wink" value=" Wink " i18n:attributes="value" />
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311
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312 will translate the caption (and return value) for the "wink" button.
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313
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314 * explicit msgids. Sometimes it may be useful to specify msgid
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315 for the element translation explicitely, like this::
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316
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317 <span i18n:translate="know what i mean?">this text is ignored</span>
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318
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319 When rendered, element contents will be replaced by translation
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320 of the string specified in ``i18n:translate`` attribute.
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321
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322 * ``i18n`` in `TALES`_. You may translate strings in `TALES`_ python
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323 expressions::
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324
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325 <span tal:replace="python: i18n.gettext('Oh, wicked.')" />
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326
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327 * plural forms. There is no markup for plural forms in `TAL`_ i18n.
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328 You must use python expression for that::
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329
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330 <span tal:replace="python: i18n.ngettext(
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331 'Oh but it\'s only %i shilling.',
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332 'Oh but it\'s only %i shillings.',
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333 fine) % fine"
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334 />
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335
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336 Extracting Translatable Messages
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337 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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338
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339 The most common tool for message extraction is ``xgettext`` utility
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340 from `GNU gettext package`_. Unfortunately, this utility has no means
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341 of `Deferred Translations`_ in Python sources. There is ``xpot`` tool
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342 from Francois Pinard free `PO utilities`_ that allows to mark strings
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343 for deferred translations, but it does not handle `plural forms`_.
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344
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345 Roundup overcomes these limitations by using both of these utilities.
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346 This means that you need both `GNU gettext`_ tools and `PO utilities`_
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347 to build the Message Template File yourself.
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348
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349 Latest Message Template File is kept in `Roundup CVS`_ and distributed
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350 with `Roundup Source`_. If you wish to rebuild the template yourself,
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351 make sure that you have both ``xpot`` and ``xgettext`` installed and
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352 just run ``gmake`` (or ``make``, if you are on a `GNU`_ system like
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353 `linux`_ or `cygwin`_) in the ``locale`` directory.
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354
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355 For on-site i18n, Roundup provides command-line utility::
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356
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357 roundup-gettext <tracker_home>
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358
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359 extracting translatable messages from tracker's html templates.
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360 This utility creates message template file ``messages.pot`` in
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361 ``locale`` subdirectory of the tracker home directory. Translated
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362 messages may be put in *locale*.po files (where *locale* is selected
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363 locale name) in the same directory, e.g.: ``locale/ru.po``.
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364 These message catalogs are searched prior to system-wide translations
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365 kept in the ``share`` directory.
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366
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367 Translating Messages
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368 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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369
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370 Gettext Message File (`PO`_ file) is a plain text file, that can be created
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371 by simple copying ``roundup.pot`` to new .po file, like this::
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372
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373 $ cp roundup.pot ru.po
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374
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375 The name of PO file is target locale name, usually just 2-letter language
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376 code (``ru`` for Russian in the above example). Alternatively, PO file
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377 may be initialized by ``msginit`` utility from `GNU gettext`_ tools::
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378
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379 $ msginit -i roundup.pot
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380
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381 ``msginit`` will check your current locale, and initialize the header
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382 entry, setting language name, rules for `plural forms`_ and, if available,
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383 translator's name and email address. The name for PO file is also chosen
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384 based on current locale.
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385
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386 Next, you will need to edit this file, filling all ``msgstr`` lines with
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387 translations of the above ``msgid`` entries. PO file is a plain text
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388 file that can be edited with any text editor. However, there are several
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389 tools that may help you with this process:
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390
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391 - `poEdit`_ by Vaclav Slavik. Very nice cross-platform GUI editor.
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392
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393 - `KBabel`_. Being part of `KDE`_, it works in X windows only.
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394 At the first glance looks pretty hairy, with all bells and whistles.
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395 Haven't had much experience with it, though.
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396
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397 - ``po-mode`` for `emacs`_. One of `GNU gettext`_ tools. Very handy,
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398 definitely recommended if you are comfortable with emacs. Cannot
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399 handle `plural forms`_ per se, but allows to edit them in simple
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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400 text mode.
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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401
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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402 - `po filetype plugin`_ for `vim`_. Does not do as much as ``po-mode``,
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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403 but helps in finding untranslated and fuzzy strings, and checking
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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404 code references. Please contact `alexander smishlajev`_ if you
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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405 prefer this, as i have patched this plugin a bit. I have also
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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406 informed the original plugin author about these changes, but got
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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407 no reply so far.
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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408
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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409 Compiling Message Catalogs
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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410 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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parents: 2301
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411
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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412 Message catalogs (`PO`_ files) must be compiled into binary form
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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413 (`MO`_ files) before they can be used in the application. This
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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414 compilation is handled by ``msgfmt`` utility from `GNU gettext`_
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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415 tools. ``GNUmakefile`` in the ``locale`` directory automatically
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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416 compiles all existing message catalogs after updating them from
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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417 Roundup source files. If you wish to rebuild an individual `MO`_
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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418 file without making everything else, you may, for example::
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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419
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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420 $ msgfmt --statistics -o ru.mo ru.po
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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421
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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422 This way, message translators can check their `PO`_ files without
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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423 extracting strings from source. (Note: String extraction requires
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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424 additional utility that is not part of `GNU gettext`_. See `Extracting
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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425 Translatable Messages`_.)
686
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parents:
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426
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427 At run time, Roundup automatically compiles message catalogs whenever
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2605
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428 `PO`_ file is changed.
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parents: 2605
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429
686
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parents:
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430 .. _`Customising Roundup`: customizing.html
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Richard Jones <richard@users.sourceforge.net>
parents:
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431 .. _`Roundup's Design Document`: spec.html
688
b38f4f95bffd More doc tweaks
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parents: 686
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432 .. _`implementation notes`: implementation.html
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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433
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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434
bf3f75134e03 i18n notes brought here from ../I18N_PROGRESS.txt
Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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435 .. _External hyperlink targets:
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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436
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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437 .. _alexander smishlajev:
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
438 .. _als: http://sourceforge.net/users/a1s/
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
439 .. _cygwin: http://www.cygwin.com/
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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440 .. _emacs: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
441 .. _gettext package: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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442 .. _gettext module: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-gettext.html
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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443 .. _GNU: http://www.gnu.org/
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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444 .. _GNU mirror sites: http://www.gnu.org/prep/ftp.html
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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445 .. _KBabel: http://i18n.kde.org/tools/kbabel/
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
446 .. _KDE: http://www.kde.org/
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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447 .. _linux: http://www.linux.org/
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
448 .. _Plural Forms:
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
449 http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/html_node/gettext_150.html
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
450 .. _po filetype plugin:
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
451 http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=695
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
452 .. _PO utilities: http://po-utils.progiciels-bpi.ca/
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
453 .. _poEdit: http://poedit.sourceforge.net/
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
454 .. _Roundup CVS: http://sourceforge.net/cvs/?group_id=31577
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
455 .. _Roundup Source:
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
456 .. _Roundup source distribution:
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
457 .. _Roundup binary distribution:
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
diff changeset
458 http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=31577
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parents: 2605
diff changeset
459 .. _TAL:
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2605
diff changeset
460 .. _Template Attribute Language:
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2605
diff changeset
461 http://dev.zope.org/Wikis/DevSite/Projects/ZPT/TAL%20Specification%201.4
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2605
diff changeset
462 .. _TALES:
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2605
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463 .. _Template Attribute Language Expression Syntax:
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parents: 2605
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464 http://dev.zope.org/Wikis/DevSite/Projects/ZPT/TALES%20Specification%201.3
2353
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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465 .. _vim: http://www.vim.org/
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parents: 2605
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466 .. _ZPTInternationalizationSupport: http://dev.zope.org/Wikis/DevSite/Projects/ComponentArchitecture/ZPTInternationalizationSupport
3643
ff234c87b28a link to feature tracker
Richard Jones <richard@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 3626
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467 .. _feature tracker: http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=31577&atid=402791
ff234c87b28a link to feature tracker
Richard Jones <richard@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 3626
diff changeset
468
Roundup Issue Tracker: http://roundup-tracker.org/