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flake8 fixes
author John Rouillard <rouilj@ieee.org>
date Thu, 08 Sep 2022 13:41:26 -0400
parents a8c757a33ab1
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1 ==================
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2 Developing Roundup
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3 ==================
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4
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5 .. note::
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6 The intended audience of this document is the developers of the core
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7 Roundup code. If you just wish to alter some behaviour of your Roundup
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8 installation, see `customising roundup`_.
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9
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10 Contents
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11
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12 .. contents::
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13 :local:
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15 If you are looking for info on managing the roundup-tracker.org
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16 infrastructure, that information has migrated to website/README.txt
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17 in the roundup repo.
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18
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19 Getting Started
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20 ---------------
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21
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22 Anyone wishing to help in the development of Roundup must read `Roundup's
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23 Design Document`_ and the `implementation notes`_.
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24
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25 All development is coordinated through two resources:
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26
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27 - roundup-devel mailing list at
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28 https://sourceforge.net/projects/roundup/lists/roundup-devel
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29 - The issue tracker running at
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30 https://issues.roundup-tracker.org/
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31
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32
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33 Small Changes
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34 -------------
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35
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36 Most small changes can be submitted as patches through the
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37 `issue tracker`_ or sent to `roundup-devel mailing list`_.
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39
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40 Source Repository Access
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41 ------------------------
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42
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43 See https://www.roundup-tracker.org/code.html.
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44 For all other questions ask on the development mailinglist.
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45
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46
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47 Project Rules
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48 -------------
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49
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50 Mostly the project follows Guido's Style (though naming tends to be a little
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51 relaxed sometimes). In short:
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52
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53 - 80 column width code
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54 - 4-space indentations
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55 - All modules must have an Id line near the top
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56
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57 Other project rules:
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58
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59 - New functionality must be documented, even briefly (so at least we know
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60 where there's missing documentation) and changes to tracker configuration
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61 must be logged in the upgrading document.
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62 - subscribe to roundup-checkins to receive checkin notifications from the
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63 other developers with write access to the source-code repository.
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64 - discuss any changes with the other developers on roundup-dev. If nothing
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65 else, this makes sure there's no rude shocks
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66 - write unit tests for changes you make (where possible), and ensure that
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67 all unit tests run before committing changes
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68 - run pychecker over changed code
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69
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70 The administrators of the project reserve the right to boot developers who
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71 consistently check in code which is either broken or takes the codebase in
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72 directions that have not been agreed to.
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73
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74
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75 Debugging Aids
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76 --------------
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77
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78 See :doc:`debugging <debugging>`.
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79
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80 Internationalization Notes
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81 --------------------------
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82
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83 How stuff works:
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84
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85 1. Strings that may require translation (messages in human language)
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86 are marked in the source code. This step is discussed in
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87 `Marking Strings for Translation`_ section.
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88
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89 2. These strings are all extracted into Message Template File
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90 ``locale/roundup.pot`` (_`POT` file). See `Extracting Translatable
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91 Messages`_ below.
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92
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93 3. Language teams use POT file to make Message Files for national
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94 languages (_`PO` files). All PO files for Roundup are kept in
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95 the ``locale`` directory. Names of these files are target
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96 locale names, usually just 2-letter language codes. `Translating
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97 Messages`_ section of this chapter gives useful hints for
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98 message translators.
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99
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100 4. Translated Message Files are compiled into binary form (_`MO` files)
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101 and stored in ``locale`` directory (but not kept in the source code
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102 repository, as they may be easily made from PO files).
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103 See `Compiling Message Catalogs`_ section.
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104
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105 5. Roundup installer creates runtime locale structure on the file
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106 system, putting MO files in their appropriate places.
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107
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108 6. Runtime internationalization (_`I18N`) services use these MO files
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109 to translate program messages into language selected by current
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110 Roundup user. Roundup command line interface uses locale name
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111 set in OS environment variable ``LANGUAGE``, ``LC_ALL``,
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112 ``LC_MESSAGES``, or ``LANG`` (in that order). Roundup Web User
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113 Interface uses language selected by currently authenticated user.
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114
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115 Additional details may be found in `GNU gettext`_ and Python `gettext
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116 module`_ documentation.
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117
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118 `Roundup source distribution`_ includes POT and PO files for message
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119 translators, and also pre-built MO files to facilitate installations
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120 from source. Roundup binary distribution includes MO files only.
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121
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122 .. _GNU gettext:
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123
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124 GNU gettext package
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125 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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126
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127 This chapter is full of references to GNU `gettext package`_.
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128 GNU gettext is a "must have" for nearly all steps of internationalizing
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129 any program, and it's manual is definetely a recommended reading
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130 for people involved in `I18N`_.
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131
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132 There are GNU gettext ports to all major OS platforms.
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133 Windows binaries are available from `GNU mirror sites`_.
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134
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135 Roundup does not use GNU gettext at runtime, but it's tools
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136 are used for `extracting translatable messages`_, `compiling
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137 message catalogs`_ and, optionally, for `translating messages`_.
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138
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139 Note that ``gettext`` package in some OS distributions means just
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140 runtime tools and libraries. In such cases gettext development tools
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141 are usually distributed in separate package named ``gettext-devel``.
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142
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143 Marking Strings for Translation
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144 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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145
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146 Strings that need translation must be marked in the source code.
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147 Following subsections explain how this is done in different cases.
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148
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149 If translatable string is used as a format string, it is recommended
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150 to always use *named* format specifiers::
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151
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152 _('Index of %(classname)s') % locals()
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153
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154 This helps translators to better understand the context of the
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155 message and, with Python formatting, remove format specifier altogether
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156 (which is sometimes useful, especially in singular cases of `Plural Forms`_).
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157
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158 When there is more than one format specifier in the translatable
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159 format string, named format specifiers **must** be used almost always,
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160 because translation may require different order of items.
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161
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162 It is better to *not* mark for translation strings that are not
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163 locale-dependent, as this makes it more difficult to keep track
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164 of translation completeness. For example, string ``</ol></body></html>``
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165 (in ``index()`` method of the request handler in ``roundup_server``
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166 script) has no human readable parts at all, and needs no translations.
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167 Such strings are left untranslated in PO files, and are reported
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168 as such by PO status checkers (e.g. ``msgfmt --statistics``).
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169
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170 Command Line Interfaces
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171 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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172
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173 Scripts and routines run from the command line use "static" language
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174 defined by environment variables recognized by ``gettext`` module
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175 from Python library (``LANGUAGE``, ``LC_ALL``, ``LC_MESSAGES``, and
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176 ``LANG``). Primarily, these are ``roundup-admin`` script and
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177 ``admin.py`` module, but also help texts and startup error messages
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178 in other scripts and their supporting modules.
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179
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180 For these interfaces, Python ``gettext`` engine must be initialized
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181 to use Roundup message catalogs. This is normally done by including
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182 the following line in the module imports::
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183
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184 from i18n import _, ngettext
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185
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186 Simple translations are automatically marked by calls to builtin
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187 message translation function ``_()``::
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188
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189 print(_("This message is translated"))
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190
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191 Translations for messages whose grammatical depends on a number
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192 must be done by ``ngettext()`` function::
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193
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194 print(ngettext("Nuked %i file", "Nuked %i files", number_of_files_nuked))
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195
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196 Deferred Translations
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197 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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198
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199 Sometimes translatable strings appear in the source code in untranslated
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200 form [#note_admin.py]_ and must be translated elsewhere.
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201 Example::
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202
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203 for meal in ("spam", "egg", "beacon"):
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204 print(_(meal))
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205
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206 In such cases, strings must be marked for translation without actual
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207 call to the translating function. To mark these strings, we use Python
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208 feature of automatic concatenation of adjacent strings and different
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209 types of string quotes::
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210
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211 strings_to_translate = (
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212 ''"This string will be translated",
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213 ""'me too',
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214 ''r"\raw string",
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215 ''"""
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216 multiline string"""
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217 )
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218
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219 .. [#note_admin.py] In current Roundup sources, this feature is
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220 extensively used in the ``admin`` module using method docstrings
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221 as help messages.
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222
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223 Web User Interface
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224 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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225
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226 For Web User Interface, translation services are provided by Client
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227 object. Action classes have methods ``_()`` and ``gettext()``,
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228 delegating translation to the Client instance. In HTML templates,
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229 translator object is available as context variable ``i18n``.
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230
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231 HTML templates have special markup for translatable strings.
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232 The syntax for this markup is discussed at `ZPTInternationalization`_.
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233 (Originally documented at
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234 http://dev.zope.org/Wikis/DevSite/Projects/ComponentArchitecture/ZPTInternationalizationSupport
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235 which is now gone.)
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236 Roundup translation service currently ignores values for
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237 ``i18n:domain``, ``i18n:source`` and ``i18n:target``.
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238
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239 Template markup examples:
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240
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241 * simplest case::
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242
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243 <div i18n:translate="">
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244 Say
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245 no
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246 more!
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247 </div>
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248
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249 this will result in msgid ``"Say no more!"``, with all leading and
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250 trailing whitespace stripped, and inner blanks replaced with single
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251 space character.
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252
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253 * using variable slots::
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254
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255 <div i18n:translate="">
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256 And now...<br/>
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257 No.<span tal:replace="number" i18n:name="slideNo" /><br/>
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258 THE LARCH
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259 </div>
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260
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261 Msgid will be: ``"And now...<br /> No.${slideNo}<br /> THE LARCH"``.
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262 Template rendering will use context variable ``number`` (you may use
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263 any expression) to put instead of ``${slideNo}`` in translation.
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264
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265 * attribute translation::
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266
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267 <button name="btn_wink" value=" Wink " i18n:attributes="value" />
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268
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269 will translate the caption (and return value) for the "wink" button.
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270
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271 * explicit msgids. Sometimes it may be useful to specify msgid
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272 for the element translation explicitely, like this::
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273
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274 <span i18n:translate="know what i mean?">this text is ignored</span>
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275
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276 When rendered, element contents will be replaced by translation
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277 of the string specified in ``i18n:translate`` attribute.
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278
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279 * ``i18n`` in `TALES`_. You may translate strings in `TALES`_ python
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280 expressions::
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281
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282 <span tal:replace="python: i18n.gettext('Oh, wicked.')" />
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283
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284 * plural forms. There is no markup for plural forms in `TAL`_ i18n.
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285 You must use python expression for that::
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286
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287 <span tal:replace="python: i18n.ngettext(
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288 'Oh but it\'s only %i shilling.',
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289 'Oh but it\'s only %i shillings.',
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290 fine) % fine"
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291 />
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292
6658
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293 Detectors and extensions
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294 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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295
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296 The correct ``i18n`` objects gets automatically injected in the hyperdb.
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297 In a detector you can access the i18n object and do translation like
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298 this::
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299
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300 def statusfail(db, cl, nodeid, newvalues):
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301 _ = db.i18n.gettext
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302 raise ValueError(_("this does not work"))
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303
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304 def init(db):
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305 # fire before changes are made
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306 db.status.audit('create', statusfail)
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307
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308
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309 Extracting Translatable Messages
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310 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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311
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312 The most common tool for message extraction is ``xgettext`` utility
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313 from `GNU gettext package`_. Unfortunately, this utility has no means
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314 of `Deferred Translations`_ in Python sources. There is ``xpot`` tool
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315 from Francois Pinard free `PO utilities`_ that allows to mark strings
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316 for deferred translations, but it does not handle `plural forms`_.
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317
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318 Roundup overcomes these limitations by using both of these utilities.
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319 This means that you need both `GNU gettext`_ tools and `PO utilities`_
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320 to build the Message Template File yourself.
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321
4254
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322 Latest Message Template File is kept in the source code repository
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323 and distributed with `Roundup Source`_.
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324 If you wish to rebuild the template yourself,
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325 make sure that you have both ``xpot`` and ``xgettext`` installed and
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326 just run ``gmake`` (or ``make``, if you are on a `GNU`_ system like
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327 `linux`_ or `cygwin`_) in the ``locale`` directory.
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328
2832
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329 For on-site i18n, Roundup provides command-line utility::
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330
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331 roundup-gettext <tracker_home>
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332
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333 extracting translatable messages from tracker's html templates.
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334 This utility creates message template file ``messages.pot`` in
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335 ``locale`` subdirectory of the tracker home directory. Translated
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336 messages may be put in *locale*.po files (where *locale* is selected
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337 locale name) in the same directory, e.g.: ``locale/ru.po``.
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338 These message catalogs are searched prior to system-wide translations
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339 kept in the ``share`` directory.
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340
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341 Translating Messages
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342 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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343
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344 Gettext Message File (`PO`_ file) is a plain text file, that can be created
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345 by simple copying ``roundup.pot`` to new .po file, like this::
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346
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347 $ cp roundup.pot ru.po
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348
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349 The name of PO file is target locale name, usually just 2-letter language
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350 code (``ru`` for Russian in the above example). Alternatively, PO file
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351 may be initialized by ``msginit`` utility from `GNU gettext`_ tools::
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352
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353 $ msginit -i roundup.pot
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354
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355 ``msginit`` will check your current locale, and initialize the header
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356 entry, setting language name, rules for `plural forms`_ and, if available,
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357 translator's name and email address. The name for PO file is also chosen
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358 based on current locale.
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359
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360 Next, you will need to edit this file, filling all ``msgstr`` lines with
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361 translations of the above ``msgid`` entries. PO file is a plain text
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362 file that can be edited with any text editor. However, there are several
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363 tools that may help you with this process:
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364
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365 - `poEdit`_ by Vaclav Slavik. Very nice cross-platform GUI editor.
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366
5367
f3b844fda420 Updated links to handle:
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367 - `Lokalize`_. A replacement for KBabel. Being part of `KDE`_, it
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368 works in X windows only. Haven't had much experience with it, though.
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369
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370 - ``po-mode`` for `emacs`_. One of `GNU gettext`_ tools. Very handy,
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371 definitely recommended if you are comfortable with emacs. Cannot
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372 handle `plural forms`_ per se, but allows to edit them in simple
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373 text mode.
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374
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375 - `po filetype plugin`_ for `vim`_. Does not do as much as ``po-mode``,
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376 but helps in finding untranslated and fuzzy strings, and checking
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377 code references. Please contact `alexander smishlajev`_ if you
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378 prefer this, as i have patched this plugin a bit. I have also
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379 informed the original plugin author about these changes, but got
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380 no reply so far.
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381
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382 Compiling Message Catalogs
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383 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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384
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385 Message catalogs (`PO`_ files) must be compiled into binary form
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386 (`MO`_ files) before they can be used in the application. This
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387 compilation is handled by ``msgfmt`` utility from `GNU gettext`_
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388 tools. ``GNUmakefile`` in the ``locale`` directory automatically
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389 compiles all existing message catalogs after updating them from
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390 Roundup source files. If you wish to rebuild an individual `MO`_
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391 file without making everything else, you may, for example::
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392
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393 $ msgfmt --statistics -o ru.mo ru.po
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394
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395 This way, message translators can check their `PO`_ files without
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396 extracting strings from source. (Note: String extraction requires
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397 additional utility that is not part of `GNU gettext`_. See `Extracting
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398 Translatable Messages`_.)
686
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399
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400 At run time, Roundup automatically compiles message catalogs whenever
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401 `PO`_ file is changed.
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402
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403 .. _`Customising Roundup`: customizing.html
4949
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404 .. _`Roundup's Design Document`: spec.html
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405 .. _`implementation notes`: implementation.html
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406
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407
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408 .. _External hyperlink targets:
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409
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410 .. _alexander smishlajev:
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411 .. _als: https://sourceforge.net/u/a1s/profile/
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412 .. _cygwin: https://www.cygwin.com/
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413 .. _emacs: https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
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414 .. _gettext package: http://www.gnu.org/savannah-checkouts/gnu/gettext/manual/gettext.html
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415 .. _gettext module: https://docs.python.org/2/library/gettext.html
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416 .. _GNU: http://www.gnu.org/
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417 .. _GNU mirror sites: http://www.gnu.org/prep/ftp.html
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418 .. _issue tracker: https://issues.roundup-tracker.org/
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419 .. _Lokalize: https://apps.kde.org/lokalize/
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420 .. _KDE: https://kde.org/
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421 .. _linux: https://www.linux.org/
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422 .. _Plural Forms:
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423 http://www.gnu.org/savannah-checkouts/gnu/gettext/manual/gettext.html
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424 .. _po filetype plugin:
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425 https://vim.sourceforge.io/scripts/script.php?script_id=695
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426 .. _PO utilities: https://github.com/pinard/po-utils
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parents: 5610
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427 .. _poEdit: https://poedit.net/
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428 .. _Roundup Source:
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parents: 2301
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429 .. _Roundup source distribution:
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Alexander Smishlajev <a1s@users.sourceforge.net>
parents: 2301
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430 .. _Roundup binary distribution:
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John Rouillard <rouilj@ieee.org>
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431 https://sourceforge.net/projects/roundup/files/
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anatoly techtonik <techtonik@gmail.com>
parents: 4665
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432 .. _roundup-devel mailing list:
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433 https://sourceforge.net/projects/roundup/lists/roundup-devel
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434 .. _TAL:
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parents: 2605
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435 .. _Template Attribute Language:
5365
979390afb001 Fix some dev.zope.org links for tales and metal.
John Rouillard <rouilj@ieee.org>
parents: 5332
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436 https://pagetemplates.readthedocs.io/en/latest/history/TALSpecification14.html
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437 .. _TALES:
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438 .. _Template Attribute Language Expression Syntax:
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John Rouillard <rouilj@ieee.org>
parents: 5332
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439 https://pagetemplates.readthedocs.io/en/latest/history/TALESSpecification13.html
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John Rouillard <rouilj@ieee.org>
parents: 5610
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440 .. _vim: https://www.vim.org/
6456
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John Rouillard <rouilj@ieee.org>
parents: 6343
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441 .. _ZPTInternationalization: http://grok.zope.org/documentation/how-to/how-to-internationalize-your-application/view
Roundup Issue Tracker: http://roundup-tracker.org/